Are movements of individual body parts controlled by distinct regions of the brain?
"Investigations of the properties and functions of the various parts which compose the cerebral mass," by Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1824)
"Remarks on the seat of the faculty of articulate language, followed by an observation of aphemia," by Paul Broca (1861)
**"On the electrical excitability of the cerebrum," by Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig (1870)
"Basic neural mechanisms in behavior," by Karl S. Lashley (1930)
**"Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation," by Wilder Penfield and Edwin Boldrey (1937)
**"How somatotopic is the motor cortex hand area?" by Marc H. Schieber and Lyndon S. Hibbard (1993)
Do coordinated movements require ongoing sensory feedback or can they be produced by "programs" within the central nervous system (CNS), even without feedback?
"Treatise on Physiological Optics" (excerpt), by Herman Ludwig von Helmholtz (1866)
**"The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal," by T. Graham Brown (1911)
**"Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion," by Roger W. Sperry (1950)
**"The reafference principle," by Erich von Holst and Horst Mittlestaedt (1950)
**"The central nervous control of flight in a locust," by Donald M. Wilson (1961)
Are separate CNS circuits "dedicated" to producing specific types of movements or can a single "distributed" CNS circuit generate a wide variety of movements?
"The command neuron concept," by Irving Kupfermann and Klaudiusz R. Weiss (1978)
**"Alternative neural pathways initiate fast-start responses following lesions of the Mauthner neuron in goldfish," by Robert C. Eaton et al. (1982)
**"Population coding of saccadic eye movements by neurons in the superior colliculus," by Choongkil Lee et al. (1988)
How do neuromodulatory chemicals alter the CNS generation of movements?
**"Switching of a neuron from one network to another by sensory-induced changes in membrane properties," by Scott L. Hooper and Maurice Moulins (1989)
**"Construction of a pattern-generating circuit with neurons of different networks," by Pierre Meyrand et al. (1991)
**"Dynamic neuromodulation of synaptic strength intrinsic to a central pattern generator circuit," by Paul S. Katz et al. (1994)
To what extent can a CNS reorganize its control of movements over the long-term (days or longer)?
"Plasticity in sensory-motor systems," by Richard Held (1965)
**"Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys," by R. J. Nudo et al. (1996)
"Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors," by V.S. Ramachandran and D. Rogers-Ramachandran (1996)
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* We will proceed at whatever pace is comfortable and may read additional papers if time allows.
** Students may choose any of these papers for leading class discussions.
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