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INSTRUCCIONES
GENERALES:

«¿Ser,
estar o haber?
¡He ahí el problema!»
(Hamlet tratando de
recordar su
español)
Creación de
A. Robert Lauer
Dear Students,
When one writes in Spanish (or
English), one
ought to do the following:
- Use the active voice (subject + verb + object). If
you use a
passive
construction in Spanish, use the «se» form instead of the
true
passive: «Se abren las tiendas a las 13:00h» instead of
«Las
tiendas son abiertas a las 13:00h».
- Write brief, concise, clear sentences (be aware of
parallelisms [faulty
parallelisms are common mistakes among writers]).
- When writing more complex (compound) sentences, use connectors
to ease the flow of the narrative (For a long list of good connectors
click the preceding linked term or see below.
Also, the structure of any paper should have
the following elements:
- A telling title (this should guide you and your reader
through the
paper).
- A clearly defined thesis (an extension of the title).
- A development of the thesis (examples, evidence, several
sentences).
- A CONCLUSION (which should refer back to the thesis and
title). A
conclusion should give a sense of finality to things, not start some
new
thesis.
Each paragraph must be at least five sentences
long. Each one should contain a thesis or main point (one brief
sentence),
evidence or clarification of the thesis (3 sentences or so), and a
conclusion
(which may be a reiteration of the thesis, in a short final
sentence).
To ease the flow of the narrative, use appropriate connectors
(list below). I think 4 to 7 paragraphs should constitute a nice
3-page paper.
Additional instructions for writing
compositions:
- Use a computer. Do not turn in handwritten papers for
compositions
written at home.
- Turn in a clean copy of your paper. Make sure you
have a enough
ink
in the cartridge of your printer. Laser copies are easy on the
eye.
- Use only mechanical diacritics (extended characters; also
called
"symbols"
in Word [click the "Insert" icon first to get to the "Symbols") or
simply
change the keyboard in your computer to "English International" (at one
time it was called the "Brazilian-Portuguese" keyboard) to create
accents,
tildes, dieresis, etc. If you do this, you will get acute accents on
vowels by merely pressing the apostrophe button /'/ and then the vowel
wanted to get the following:
á,
é, í, ó, ú; the double quotation mark /"/
and
the
/u/ to get an umlaut: /ü/; the tilde mark /~/ and the /n/ to
create an
eñe:
/ñ/; ALT + [numeric pad no.] 168 to create the initial
interrogative sign /¿/; ALT + [numeric pad no.] 174 [ to open
a comilla: /«/; ALT + [numeric pad no.] 175] to close a
comilla: /»/,
etc.
Otherwise, memorize the PC
or Apple
ASCII codes listed below.
- For all papers use ONLY the following style and font size: New
Courier 12.
- Use only white paper (double-spaced, with one inch margins
on all
sides).
- Use only ONE side of the paper.
- Double-space every line (do not triple-space between
paragraphs or
leave
less than a double space [e.g., 1.5] between the lines).
- Indent each paragraph (5 spaces [using New
Courier 12] from the left [Modern Language Association of
America
usage]) [i.e., do not use "block" paragraphs or European indentation
[more
than 5 spaces].
- Paraphrase or use indirect style instead of direct style
(i.e., "he
said
he was ill" instead of "he said: 'I am ill.'").
- Number pages consecutively, on the upper right corner,
after your
lastname
(e.g., Smith 1, Smith 2, Smith 3, etc.). Consecutive pagination
applies to the Works Cited (Obras citadas) section.
- Add a Works Cited (Obras citadas) section. Quote some
material parenthetically within the text as well (that would justify
adding a Works Cited [Obras citadas] section).
- Use a paper clip (not a staple) on the upper left corner
when turning
your
paper in.
- When quoting material, use ONLY Spanish quotation marks
(comillas [guillemets
français]): « . . . ». Do not
use << . . . >> as a substitute for « . . .
».
- In a series of words, elide the comma between the
penultimate and final
element: («le gusta comer uvas, plátanos
y manzanas»). In English, a comma is used to
separate
all congeries: "He likes to eat grapes, bananasand
apples."
- In quoted material, all punctuation marks in Spanish are
placed outside
the comillas: «le gusta comer uvas, plátanos y manzanas.
In English, the punctuation marks are placed inside the quotation
marks:
"He likes to eat grapes, bananas, and apples.
For a list of common errors done in Spanish
click the preceding linked term or see below:
Typographical signs used to signal errors:
- LC
= Lower
case: «Son españoles» (not «Son
Españoles»).
- Cap =
Capitalize:
«Son de España» (not «Son de
españa»).
- WF =
Wrong font:
Use New Courier 12 exclusively.
- ^
=
Insert
- #
=
Space (add [ + ] or use less [ - ] space)
- SP
=
Spelling error (check your sources or look up the word in a dictionary).
- ¶
= Paragraph (start a new paragraph or do not start a
new paragraph: “no ¶ ”).
- ( / )
=
Use parentheses.
- FRAG = Incomplete
sentence (usually
a connecting verb is missing).
- (/)
=
Close up space: «¡Hola!» (not « ¡Hola!
»:
«(/)!Hola!(/)»).
- PUNCT = Faulty or no punctuation.
- ð
= Delete (from the Greek letter delta ["d"])
- ROM = Romanize
(use New
Courier 12). No Italics.
- TRANS = Tranpose: Gracilaso
> Garcilaso
Géneros
literarios:
- Epopeya / poema
épico / cantar de gesta
[hecho] <del griego epos > «palabra»,
«canción»>:
Poema narrativo extenso (de múltiples episodios o acciones) que
presenta un conflicto bélico (una conquista), situaciones
maravillosas
y una resolución «alegre» (el fin del conflicto
bélico).
Los poemas épicos versan sólo sobre hazañas de
héroes
(reyes, príncipes o personajes militarmente extraordinarios
[como
El Cid]) o dioses (como en la Ilíada [Iliad] de
Homero
[Homer]). La epopeya se divide en episodios y es de
origen
griego. Los episodios cantados por juglares aparecen en tiradas
(del francés laisse > inglés lay) de
versos
fluctuantes (generalmente de versos asonantes monorrimos de dos
hemistiquios
de 7 sílabas cada uno con una cesura o pausa en la mitad del
verso:
7 + 7). Las epopeyas clericales (de monjes) consisten de
cuartetas
de versos alejandrinos (de 14 sílabas) con rima
consonante
monorrima.
- Drama (del verbo
griego dran
= «acción»): Una acción completa (con
principio,
desarrollo y fin) llevada a cabo por personajes (nobles
[superiores]
en una tragedia; comunes [inferiores] en una comedia). En la
primera
parte (el primer acto) se establece un conflicto (siempre hay un
conflicto
en cualquier drama, generalmente entre una entidad pública como
el estado y una entidad privada como la familia o el individuo);
posteriormente
(en el segundo acto) la acción se desarrolla hasta llegar a un
punto
culminante (el clímax de la acción); y finalmente
se soluciona (con la muerte o sufrimiento del personaje principal en
una
tragedia; con el casamiento o la integración a la sociedad de
personajes
previamente excluidos en una comedia). Los dramas generalmente se
escribían en verso (hasta el siglo XVIII). El drama
(tragedia
o comedia) es de origen griego. En España, los actos
consisten
de 3 actos dividos en múltiples escenas (las
escenas
se determinan por medio de la entrada o la salida de los personajes en
el escenario).
- Cuento (de
«contar»): Una
narrativa breve (en prosa) sobre un «caso» cualquiera que
termina
en el momento en que haya una peripecia (del griego peripeteia
> inglés “peripety” > español
«cambio»).
El cuento es de origen oriental (de la India, de Medio Oriente).
Generalmente tienen una lección moral o un ejemplo. El
material
narrado en forma cronológica (la secuencia temporal) es la
fábula
(storyline). La estructura de un cuento (la secuencia
lógica
o “plot”) es la trama.
- Novela [del italiano Novella
> «nueva» <it. «storia»>]: La novela
es una
narrativa larga en prosa que presenta un conflicto y varias peripecias
(cambios) hasta llegar a una resolución (un último cambio
o peripecia). Puede empezar desde el principio (ab ovo)
de la acción (con el nacimiento del héroe, por ejemplo),
por el medio (in medias res) o aun por el final (in
extremas res) si la acción es conocida (por
ejemplo,
si versa sobre un personaje histórico conocido como M. Ghandi o
J. F. Kennedy). Los personajes de una novela son generalmente
medianos
(burgueses o baja aristocracia). El origen de la novela de
aventuras
(inglés “romance”) es griego. La «nueva»
novela
(de asunto psicológico) es de origen italiano (Boccaccio) y,
como
el cuento, tiene sólo una peripecia (es en efecto un cuento
largo
o una novela corta). La novela moderna contemporánea (una
combinación de todos los géneros literarios existentes
hasta
el siglo XVII) tiene su origen en España, con Cervantes (Don
Quijote [1605, 1615]). La novela valora la narración
y la descripción. Una narrativa sobre acciones
pasadas
(una retrospección temporal [ing. “flashback”]) se llama analepsis;
una narrativa sobre acciones futuras se llama prolepsis (ing.
“flashforward”).
[NB: un buen ejemplo de una prolepsis se encuentra al final de la
película 25th
Hour {2002} del director estadounidense Spike Lee].
- Poema lírico:
un
poema de corta
extensión sobre un tema en particular. Cada poema tiene
una
función diferente: 1) romances (para narrar un
acontecimiento
histórico), 2) romancillos (para narrar un
acontecimiento
amoroso), 3) redondillas (para diálogos o
narración),
3) décimas y quintillas (para expresar quejas
[gen.
de amor]), 5) octavas reales (para narrar acontecimientos
históricos
de suma importancia), 6) sonetos (para múltiples
propósitos,
sobre todo de amor: los dos cuartetos presentan un problema; los dos
tercetos
subsiguientes dan la solución al problema), 7) villancicos
(para cantos), 8) jarchas (para cuitas de amor), 9) silvas,
tercetos
y liras (para narraciones altamente emotivas), 10) seguidillas
(para bailes), etc.
CONNECTORS:
A
- además, / es más,
- A propósito,
- a propósito de . . .
- asimismo / así mismo
- cabe notar/decir
B
- con tal de que + subjuntivo
- consiste en
- consta de
- de acuerdo con . . .
- debido a (eso),
C
- depende de
- desde ese punto de vista
- en cambio
- en cuanto a / con respecto a
- en forma breve y concisa
D
- en pocas palabras
- (eso) viene al caso / (eso) no viene al caso
- hacer caso / prestar atención
- hacer caso omiso de /
- pasar por alto /
E
- no prestar atención
- Huelga decir que / Sobra decir que . . .
- naturalmente, /
- por supuesto, /
- desde luego,
F
- no obstante,
- otrosí,
- por añadidura,/adicionalmente,
- por consiguiente, / por ende,
- por lo tanto,
G
- por mi parte
- por mucho que + subjuntivo
- por poco que + subjuntivo
- por un lado,
- por otro lado, / por el otro,
- por una parte,
- por otra parte, / por la otra,
H
- que yo sepa
- se sobrentiende
- Según. / Depende.
- según . . .
- siempre y cuando + subjuntivo
- sin embargo,
- tener presente / tener en cuenta
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A
- moreover, / furthermore,
- By the way,
- in regards with / in reference to
- likewise,
- It should be noted / said
B
- provided that
- it consists of
- it consists of (# of parts, acts, etc.)
- according to . . .
- due to / because of (that),
C
- to depend on (upon)
- from that point of view
- whereas / on the other hand
- with respect (regard) to
- briefly (stated),
D
- to summarize / in other words
- To bear (or not) on the subject / to be (or not)
pertinent
(relevant)
- to pay attention
- to ignore / to pay no attention to
- not to pay attention, to overlook
(intentionally)
E
- not to pay attention
- Needless to say . . .
- Of course
- Of course,
- Of course,
F
- That notwithstanding, . . . / Nevertheless, . .
.
- Furthermore / besides, / moreover
- Additionally,
- therefore,
- hence,
G
- as far as I am concerned
- no matter how much
- no matter how little
- on the one hand,
- on the other,
- on one hand,
- on the other,
H
- as far as I know
- it is self understood
- It depends.
- according to . . .
- provided that
- however, / nevertheless,
- to keep in mind
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A
- Además [Es
más], no creo que sea suficiente
- A propósito,
¿sabes cuánto
cuesta?
- A propósito de
Juan, ¿cómo
está?
- Asimismo, es
posible que vengan.
- Cabe notar que [Cabe
decir que] Juan es analfabeto.
B
- Con tal de que
venga temprano, no habrá
problemas.
- El problema consiste en
no tener
suficiente
dinero.
- La ópera consta de
tres
actos.
- De acuerdo con
la
Biblia, Dios creó
el mundo en siete días.
- Debido a las
teorías de Darwin,
se postulan otra como «diseño inteligente».
C
- --¿Vamos al cine? --Depende de
lo que diga mi hermano.
- ¡Desde ese punto de
vista,
cualquier
teoría sería correcta!
- El presidente Carter se considera como un presidente
débil por
no
haber atacado Irán en los años 60; en
cambio, el presidente Bush se considera agresivo por haber
atacado
Irak.
- En cuanto a [Con
respecto a] Cuba, no se sabe a ciencia cierta qué
ocurrirá
después de la muerte de Castro.
- En forma breve y concisa,
el plan de
guerra ha fallado.
D
- En pocas palabras,
la venta ha sido
un éxito.
- Hablar sobre eso ahora no
viene al caso.
- Hay que hacer caso
(prestar
atención) a las palabras del papa.
- Hay que hacer caso omiso de
las
palabras
de un mentiroso.
- El juez pasó por alto
la
opinión
del abogado.
E
- María no
le presta
mucha atención a Juan.
- Huelga decir que
[Sobra
decir que] el acusado fue perdonado.
- --¿Vas a hacerlo? --Naturalmente
[Por supuesto] {Desde
luego}.
F
- Ana le advirtió a Juan que no se bañara
en el lago
después
de comer. No obstante, Juan
lo
hizo.
- No se bebe fumar en la iglesia. Otrosí,
hay que apagar los teléfonos celulares.
- No debe fumar. Adicionalmente
(Por añadidura), tampoco
debe
comer mucho.
- De joven no ahorró dinero. Por
consiguiente
[Por ende], ahora es pobre.
- Pedro no dejó de preocuparse. Por
lo tanto, sufrió un derrame cerebral.
G
- Espero que dejes de beber. Por mi parte,
yo dejaré de fumar.
- Por mucho [poco] que
llores, la situación seguirá igual
- Por un lado [Por
una parte], sería bueno que no hubiera guerras.
- Por otro lado [Por
el otro / Por otra parte
<Por la otra>], sería
malo
para los negocios.
H
- Que yo sepa,
todavía hay campos
de concentración en Europa.
- Se sobrentiende
que
estoy hanblando
de la Europa oriental.
- --Crees todo lo que lees? --Depende
de quien lo diga
- Según
Juan,
nunca ha habido
un holocausto.
- Eso podrá ser cierto siempre
y cuando
Juan defina sus términos.
- Sin embargo, la
evidencia es obvia.
- Hay que tener en cuenta
[tener
presente] que Juan no ha leído mucho.
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A
- Moreover [Furthermore], I don't thing it will be
sufficient.
- By the way, do you know how much it costs?
- In regards with [In reference to] John, how is he?
- Likewise, it is possible that they will come.
- It should be noted that [It should be said that] John
is illiterate.
B
- Provided he arrives early, there should be no problem.
- The problem consists of not having enough money.
- The opera consists of three acts.
- According to the Bible, God created the world in
seven days.
- Due to [Because of] Darwin's theories, others like
"intelligent design"
have been postulated.
C
- "Should we go to the movies?" "It depends on
what my brother
says."
- From that point of view, any theory would be right!
- President Carter is considered a weak president for
not having attacked
Iran in the 1960s; whereas [on the other hand] President Bush is
considered
aggressive for having attacked Iraq.
- With respect to [With regard to] Cuba, one does not
know for sure what
will happen after the death of Castro.
- Briefly stated, the war plan has failed.
D
- En pocas palabras [In other words], the sale has been
a success.
- To speak about it now is irrelevant (not pertinent}
[does not bear on
the
subject].
- One must pay attention to the words of the Pope.
- One must ignore (not pay attention to) the words of a
liar.
- The judge overlooked the lawyer's opinion.
E
- Mary does not pay much attention to John.
- Needless to say, the accused was pardoned.
- "Are you going to do it? Naturally [Of course].
F
- Ann warned John not to swim in the lake after
eating. That
notwithstanding
[Nevertheless], John did it.
- One ought not to talk in Church. Morevoer
{Furthermore], one
ought
to turn off one's cell phone.
- You ought not to smoke. Additionally, you ought
not to eat much.
- As a young person s/he did not save money.
Therefore, now s/he is
poor.
- Peter did not stop worrying. Hence, he had a
stroke.
G
- I hope you stop drinking. As far as I am
concerned, I will stop
smoking.
- No matter how much [little] you cry, the situation
wil remain the same.
- On the one hand, it would be good if there were no
wars.
- On the other [hand], it would be bad for business.
H
- As far as I know, there are still concentration camps
in Europe.
- It is self understood that I am talking about Eastern
Europe.
- "Do you believe everything you read?" "it depends on
who says it."
- According to John, there has never been a holocaust.
- That might be true provided that John defines his
terms.
- However [Nevertheless], the evidence is obvious.
- One must keep in mind that John has not read much.
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PC ASCII Code for
Extended
Characters: Instructions: To get an é (an e with an
acute
accent), press ALT and the appropriate number on the numeric pad of
your
computer (i.e., ALT + [numeric pad no.] 130).If you have a Macintosh,
press
OPTION e then e (v. Macintosh code below
Codes for PCs (Microsoft Word or WordPerfect):
á ALT + [numeric pad no.] 160 (e.g.,
plástico)
é ALT + [numeric pad no.] 130 (e.g.,
éxito)
í ALT + [numeric pad no.] 161 (e.g.,
implícito)
ó ALT + [numeric pad no.] 162 (e.g.,
anatómico)
ú ALT + [numeric pad no.] 163 (e.g.,
adúltero)
ñ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 164 (e.g.,
niño)
Ñ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 165 (e.g.,
NIÑO)
ü ALT + [numeric pad no.] 129 (e.g.,
lingüística)
¡ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 173
(¡Dios
mío!}
¿ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 168
(¿Qué
es esto?)
« ALT + [numeric pad no.] 174 («Ser
o no ser . . .
» ALT + [numeric pad no.]
175
. . . he ahí el problema»)
ª ALT + [numeric pad no.] 166 (e.g.,
Doña Ana => Dª Ana)
º ALT + [numeric pad no.] 167 (e.g.,
el primero => el 1º)
½ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 171 (e.g., medio
{½} litro)
¼ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 172 (e.g., un cuarto
{¼} de litro)
Codes for
Macintosh
computers (WordPerfect or Microsoft Word):
á OPTION e then a
é OPTION e then e
í OPTION e then i
ï OPTION u then i
ó OPTION e then o
ú OPTION e then u
ü OPTION u then u
ñ OPTION n then n
Á OPTION e then SHIFT a
É OPTION e then SHIFT e
Í OPTION e then SHIFT i
Ï OPTION u then SHIFT i
Ó OPTION e then SHIFT o
Ú OPTION e then SHIFT u
Ü OPTION u then SHIFT u
Ñ OPTION n then SHIFT n
¿ SHIFT OPTION ?
¡ OPTION 1
« OPTION \
» SHIFT OPTION \
º SHIFT OPTION 8
Common errors done when writing in Spanish
(based on actual student examples):
CORRECTIONS FOR SPAN
4153 (1):
- versar sobre = Use this verb instead of
«tratar
de»:
«La epopeya versa sobre la vida del Cid» (“The epic
deals with the life of El Cid.”).
- Underline (do not use comillas) titles of literary
works: Antología
de autores españoles antiguos y modernos.
- Mío Cid (not Mió Cid or Mio Cid).
- Titles require titles in Spanish: «El angel
Gabriel le
prometió
buena fortuna», «El rey Alfonso VI recibió el
obsequio del Cid», «El Cid luchó contra los
musulmanes»,
«El conde Lucanor escucha a su consejero Patronio»,
«El deán de Toledo vino a verlo».
- However, titles are not used with God, saints, and the
aristocratic
titles
Don or Doña: «Dios le ayudó», «Santiago
[San Diego] los defendió», «Santa María los
escuchó»,
«Don Juan vino al concierto con doña Ana».
- Avoid the passive voice in writing. Hence, instead of
saying
«Su
religiosidad fue mostrada», use the passive se construction
(«Su
religiosidad se muestra») or the active voice («El Cid
muestra
su religiosidad»).
- Use slashes ( / ) to separate poetic lines (leave one blank
space
before
and after a slash): «Nuestras vidas son los ríos / que
van a dar a la mar, / que es el morir».
- Words of Greek origin (usually ending with _ma, _ta, or
_pa) are
masculine
(poema, programa, clima, sistema, telegrama, tema, , cometa, mapa,
día).
Hence, use masculine articles AND adjectives («El cometa
es maravilloso»).
- A student paper is called a «trabajo» in
Spanish.
- Capitalize Iglesia when the term refers to the
institution. Do no
capitalize iglesia when it refers to an unspecified building: «En
la opinion de la Iglesia, . . . »; «Vamos a la iglesia
que está en la esquina».
- SINO / PERO / SINO QUE = They all
mean
“but.” However,
«pero» more precisely means “[but] nevertheless” and is
used
with affirmative or negative sentences: «Tengo ganas de ir pero
no
puedo», «María no es muy bonita pero es muy
simpática».
«Sino» means “[but] instead” and requires a negative clause
(with a verb) before its use, as well as a phrase (without a verb)
after
it: «No quiero ir al cine sino al teatro».
«Sino
que» means “[but] rather” or “[but] on the contrary” and serves
to
connect clauses that have different verbs; moreover, the first clause
must
be negative: «No vendí la casa sino que la
alquilé».
- Parallelisms: Don’t be afraid of them. Make sure that
if you have
any series (of nouns or verbs, for instance) in a sentence, they all
belong
to the same grammatical element (all nouns or all verbs): «Lo
hicieron
por amor, fidelidad y fe» (and not «Lo hicieron por
amor, fidelidad y en el nombre de Dios».
- Do not misspell the name of your instructor. It is
Lauer, not
Laurer
or Laur.
- Abstract, generic, and partitive nouns. All abstract
nouns
require
articles: «la libertad es Buena», «La
verdad
es indispensable». Generic nouns (nouns used in a general
or
universal sense) also require articles: «El pan es
saludable».
HOWEVER, nouns used in a partitive manner do not use articles:
«Necesito
pan». Nouns are used generically when you can add the
phrase
“in general” to them, as in «El pan [bread in general] es
saludable»,
even if you modify or specify a specific kind of bread: «El pan
francés/italiano/sirio
es saludable». Nouns are used in a partitive fashion if you
can add the phrase “some” («algo de») to them:
«Necesito
(algo de [some]) pan», even if you specify or modify the term
bread:
«Necesito pan francés/italiano/sirio».
- The adverbial temporal connector antes de que
always requires
the
use of the subjunctive mood: «Juan te llamará antes
de que María salga» (“John will call you
before
Mary leaves”), «Juan te llamó antes de que
María saliera»
(“John called you before Mary left”).
- Por/para: see enclosed handout (at the end of this
attachment).
| Por and para.
Briefly stated, por
refers to source; para to destination.
Por, is formed
from the Latin
prepositions per & pro. Per was used in
expressing
the time or place through which anything passed; the person through or
by whom, or that on account of which anything was done. The
primary
meaning of pro was before, in front of. But one may stand before
another as a defender, advocate, friend, or representative, and thus
act
or speak for or on behalf of him, or for his benefit; it also signified
the taking, exchanging or substituting one person or thing for
another.
Basically, you use por to express manner, means (of communication or
transportation),
reason, motive, agent, immediate object of an errand, opinion,
estimation,
acceptation, space of time during which an action takes place or
continues,
the place through or along which motion takes place, exchange, unit of
measure, oaths, with an infinitive to indicate what remains to be done,
in behalf of, in favor of, for the sake of, instead of.
Para is a combination of pro
in the sense of before, forward, and ad, i.e., to, so that its
primary
signification is "forward unto." In all its uses, its
characteristics
are purpose, object, end, or intention. Thus, you use para to
indicate
use, purpose, destination, intention, special use of something, in
order
to (+ inf.), with estar para + inf. = to be about to . . . , a point in
time in the future, to express a comparison of inequality, and instead
of a to express uncertainty in motion.
1. ¿Quieres una pluma ___________
escribir?
2. ____________ su edad, Elenita es muy baja.
3. Creo que mañana salimos __________ México.
4. Tenemos que hacer la tarea ____________ el viernes.
5. Esos vasos son _____________ vino.
6. El está trabajando mucho __________ terminar
la tarea.
7. Hemos comprado unas tazas ___________ café.
8. Mañana pensamos salir __________ España.
9. Se quedaron aquí __________ tres horas.
10. ¿Cuánto dinero pagaste _________ ese coche?
11. Muchas personas pasan ________ aquí todos los
días.
12. Esos regalos son ____________ ti.
13. El quiere estudiar más __________ tener éxito
en su carrera.
14. ¡No quiero que hables _________ mí!
15. ¿______________ cuándo vas a terminar eso?
16. ¡Me tomó __________ un ladrón!
17. Enviaron los libros ________ avión pero José
llegó EN avión.
18. Andaban mucho _________ ese parque.
19. ___________ un muchacho de doce años, Juan toca bien
el piano.
20. Antes venían aquí dos veces _________ semana.
21. Ve a la carnicería __________ carne.
22. Vamos a la panadería ________ comprar pan.
23. Muchos libros fueron escritos __________ ese autor.
24. ¡Quiero que estén aquí ________ esa fecha
y no más tarde!
25. Mandaron al niño _______ vino.
26. Te llamo _______ teléfono ________ que vengas a vernos
pronto.
27. ¡ _________ Dios! ¡No conduzcas a 160
quilómetros
_______ hora!
28. Ellos lucharon __________ la libertad de su país.
29. La ley fue dada _______ el rey __________ el pueblo.
30. ¡ ________ fin terminamos este ejercicio!
|
- Capitalize divine titles or epithets: Dios, Cristo,
la Virgen
María, San Pedro.
- Personal a: use the personal a
when
the
direct object of a sentence is human: «La Virgen salvo a
un hombre». HOWEVER, do not use a personal a when the
object
of your sentence is not a direct object (e.g., a prepositional object):
«Juan se casó con María».
- Spanish words ending in _o, or _or are
usually masculine
(el carro, el profesor).
- Spanish words ending in _a, _ad, _ud,
and _umbre
are usually feminine (la casa, la ciudad, la
esclavitud, la muchedumbre).
- Respeto/respecto: Respeto means “respect”
for
someone or
something: «El Cid respeta al rey Alfonso VI». Respeto
is part of a phrase like «con respecto a»
(”with
respect to”): «Con respecto al Cid. . . . »
(“With
respect to El Cid, . . . .”).
- Know your literary genres. Not everything you read is
a cuento or
historia. We have read poemas, epopeyas, and cuentos. Use
the
word «obras» or «obras literarias» to refer to
literary works of multiple genres.
- Anacoluthon (“not following”) is a word of Greek origin
which refers to
an illogical or inconsistent sentence. This is a very common
error
that happens when one starts writing a sentence and, before finishing
it,
one continues it with another one, as in “I like apple pie is good”
(instead
of “I like apple pie. It is good”).
- Gender/number agreement: Be consistent in making
nouns, articles,
adjectives, and verbs agree in gender and number throughout a sentence:
«Las obras literarias son
curiosas y presentan varios
temas
considerados indecentes hoy
día».
- Parecer/aparecer: Both terms mean “to
appear.”
However, parecer
means “to appear” in the sense of “to seem,” whereas aparecer
means “to appear” in the sense of “to make an appearance.” Hence:
«Muchos valores morales parecen [“seem, appear to be”]
ambiguos»,
«Muchos actors aparecieron [“appeared, made an
appearance”]
de repente para el ensayo».
- Contractions: al/del: «Vieron al Cid»
(not «a el»). «La espada del
Cid»
(no «de el»).
- «Responsabilidad» (not
«responsibilidad»).
- «Personaje» instead of
«carácter»:
«Los personajes dramáticos (dramatic characters)
pueden
tener cinco caracteres (psychological [physiological] character
/ temperament) diferentes, pues pueden ser flemáticos,
sanguíneos,
coléricos, melancólicos o mercuriales».
- Avergonzar/embarazar: «El Cid avergonzó
[shamed]
al
Rey». The use of the verb embarazó in the
above
context would have constituted a veritable miracle.
- Religions are not capitalized in Spanish: «Los cristianos
y los musulmanes lucharon juntos».
- An infinitive follows a preposition in Spanish:
«Tomaron
café antes
de irse» (“They drank coffee before leaving.”).
- Be impersonal in a composition or research paper.
Spare your
reader
any personal feelings or outburst of emotion (use «Uno» or
a passive se construction instead of «yo» or «a
mí»).
Also, never address your reader in a paper (as in
«tú»
or «a ti»).
CORRECTIONS FOR
SPAN 4153
(2):
- Do not underline (or use comillas for) literary forms like
romance,
villancico,
etc. If you refer to a specific poem, simply refer to it as
follows:
«En la serranilla 6 se ve el amor entre un noble y una
villana».
- Notice also that one should use Arabic numerals for
practically
everything
(except for outlines [I, II, III]. ecclesiastic and secular titles of
nobility
[el papa Benedicto XVI, el rey Juan Carlos I], centuries [siglo XXI],
and
some prefaces and introductions to books, which require the use of
Roman
numerals in lowercase format [i-viii]). Hence, write the
following
as follows: salmo 23, soneto 11, serranilla 9, romance 5, etc.
- The first time you quote a text, list it fully, as in Coplas
de
Jorge
Manrique por la muerte de su padre. In subsequent quotations
you can abbreviate the title (as in Coplas). The same
goes
for authors. Hence, mention Jorge Manrique the first time.
Later you can refer to him as Manrique. With saints (Santa Teresa
de Jesús, San Juan de la Cruz), subsequent quotations require
their
first names only, with their title (Santa Teresa, San Juan).
- Notice that collections of romances (or songs [canciones
<villancicos>])
are called Romanceros (or Cancioneros). Unless you refer to a
specific
published Romancero or Cancionero (Cancionero musical de palacio
or Romancero general), there is no need to underline the term
or
even to use upper-case letters. The romanceros or cancioneros
contain
many romances and canciones (villancicos). Since those are the
names
of literary forms, and not of specifically published romances or
villancicos,
there is no need to underline them (or use comillas). However,
when
you quote a specific (published) romance or villancico, give the title
and use comillas (poems and short stories require comillas instead of
underlining),
as in «La derrota del Guadalete». If the poem is
numbered
(and the numbering is probably an editor’s) or has no title, use the
first
line of the poem in its entirety as the title, and enclose it within
comillas,
as in «Tres morillas me enamoran» (Antología77).
- Avoid verbosity in any language. Instead of beating
around the
bush
(i.e., using circumlocution), use a telling verb. Spanish has
verbs
for practically every possible action. Hence, instead of saying
something
convoluted like «El noble se bajó a un nivel social
inferior
ante la serrana», say «El noble se humilló
[humbled
himself] ante la serrana».
- Be aware of subjunctive constructions, especially in noun
clauses.
A sentence like the following, «El rey desea la muerte
llegar»
requires the subjunctive, since the first verb indicates emotion (wish,
fear, etc.): «El rey desea que la muerte llegue».
- Notice that although it is advisable to use the passive se
construction
in Spanish (instead of the true passive voice), if you indicate the
agent
of the action (by means of the preposition por), only the true
passive
(ser + past participle) must be used, as in «La muerte es
vista
[instead of se ve] por muchas personas como algo
trágico».
If no agent is indicated, retain the passive se construction: «La
muerte se ve como algo trágico». You can
also
use the active voice: «Mucha gente ve la muerte como algo
trágico».
- Aprender de / enterarse de. They mean different
things. Aprender
de means to “learn from,” as in: «Ana y María apendieron
[learned] mucho de su maestro». Enterarse de means
to
“find out,” as in: «Pleberio se enteró de [found
out
about] la muerte de su hija».
- To “spend time” is «pasar tiempo», although a
more precise
verb might be «entretenerse». To “waste time,”
however,
is «perder tiempo».
- Remember that Spanish has three genders: masculine,
feminine, and
neuter.
Everything that exists has a gender and a number, and in Spanish,
things
can only be masculine or feminine (in other languages, like German,
things
can be masculine, feminine, or neuter). Hence, when neuter forms
are used (as in ello, lo, esto, eso, aquello),
they cannot refer to anything specific (since everything has a
masculine
or feminine gender in Spanish) but to something general, usually an
antecedent
phrase. Hence, lo + adjective, or lo que + verb
refer
to nothing in particular: «Lo trágico de la muerte
[The tragic “thing/aspect” about death] es perder a un ser
querido»,
«Lo que es trágico de la muerte [“What” is tragic
about
death . . .] . . .», «Ello [Eso] no tiene
sentido»
(“‘That’ makes no sense”).
- Do not use articles with people, as in «
la
Melibea»
or «el Calisto». The use of a
definite
article with a name shows disdain in Spanish, as in “That Melibea
person.”
The book uses «La Celestina» for two reasons: to show
some disdain for a wicked person and to show her profession (which
would
require a title), since Celestina nowadays means a go-between or even a
procuress.
- With the verb morir, don’t overuse the reflexive
form, which
implies
an unexpected or accidental death. Hence, «A la reina no le
importa si el Conde Niño vive o muere» is
correct;
«[. . .] vive o
se muere» isn’t. In
oral Spanish, the reflexive form of this verb is overused. Even
more
extreme is the reflexive form with an indirect object pronoun, as in
«¡se nos
murió el abuelo!» («grandpa died on us!».
Keep it real. Death is part of life.
- Try to judge a literary work on its merits as a work of art
(is it well
structured? Etc.). Don’t make historical or literary assumptions
(«En ese tiempo [. . .», «La literatura de
entonces
[. . .]»), which will either be wrong or, even if right,
impertinent,
since a work of art reflects reality only in a verisimilar (and not in
a true or historical) fashion. Likewise, ethical judgments, which
are culturally determined, are also out of place in a work of art
(which
is not an account of anything or anyone historical). Objectivity
and precision would be better tactics. Hence, «Calisto
está
obsesionado por Melibea» might be more precise than
«Calisto
está loco», «Calisto es estúpido», or
«Calisto
es hereje».
- Do not use tanto unless you make a
comparison. Use mucho
instead. Hence, «Su amor se basa mucho en lo
físico»
is correct. «Su amor se basa
tanto en lo
físico»
is incorrect, unless you supply the comparison, as in «Su amor se
basa tanto en lo físco como en lo
espiritual».
The same is true for tan. Use muy instead:
«Su
amor es muy apasionado» is correct. «Su amor
es tan
apasionado» is not, unless you make a comparison, as in «Su
amor es tan apasionado como
impráctico».
In oral (informal) Spanish, speakers tend to use tanto and tan
in place of mucho and muy. Such is life.
- ROM = Romanize (use New Courier 12). No Italics.
- « . . . » = Use comillas (guillemets,
chevrons,
angle
quotation marks). Do no use English double quotation marks: “. .
.” or single quotation marks: ‘. . . ’ The correct single
quotation
comilla or guillemet is ‹ . . . › (chek the Symbols section in your
Word
editor). Unlike French, no space is placed before or after a
comilla.
- Do not justify (flush right) your paper.
- Do not forget to add the preposition para to
indicate
purpose.
Notice that in English one may not notice its presence (or absence) in
infinitive constructions on account of the “to” (para) of verbal
infinitives, as in: «Hay que vivir una vida ejemplar para
[in order to] vivir en paz». «
Hay que
vivir
una vida ejemplar vivir en paz» would be incorrect.
- The adjective cada (of Greek origin [kata]) in
Spanish is
unique
in that it does not reflect gender («cada hombre»,
«cada
mujer»). But it reflects number (singular only), as in
«Cada
obra versa sobre la muerte».
- Enarmorarse de + noun = to fall in love with + noun:
«Calisto
se enamoró de Melibea».
- Realizar / darse cuenta de = to fulfill (a task, a goal) /
to become
aware
of: «Juan realizó su deseo de ser
médico»
(fulfilled his desire); «Pleberio se dio cuenta de que
Melibea
había muerto» (became aware).
- Make sure you quote your sources accurately.
- concepto / concepción = concept / conception:
«El concepto
del amor» (concept); «La concepción
inmaculada
de María» (conception).
- Hacerse / ponerse = to become (in a planned [non-physical
or emotive]
fashion
/ to get (physically [or emotively], spontaneously): «Los poemas se
hicieron (became [with time]) más famosos
después»;
«Los estudiantes se pusieron (got [immediately]) tristes
al
oír las noticias».
- For a review of the subjunctive in noun, adjective, and
adverbial
clauses,
see my web page: < http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/SPAN3423.html
>.
- From now use, follow the rules for cross-references as
found in MLA
5.6.10.
CORRECTIONS FOR
SPAN 4153
(3):
- TRANS = Tranpose: Gracilaso > Garcilaso
- Tener razón (to be right) / no tener razón
(to be wrong).
- Verbs of a) teaching, b) learning, c) beginning, and d)
motion add the
preposition /a/ before a second (infinitive) verb: a) Antonio Banderas enseñaa
bailar el tango, b) María aprendea bailar el
vals,
c) Empezaron (comenzaron) a bailar el año
pasado,
d) Juan y María van a ver la película
Borat.
- The expression /como si/ always triggers a contrary to fact
statement.
Contrary to fact statements require the subjunctive. When one
negates
something in the present, a past tense (of the subjunctive) must be
used;
when one negates something in the past, a pluperfect form (of the
subjunctive)
must be used. This is true of Spanish and English: a) Habla como
si estuviera loco (He speaks as if he were mad [now]). b)
Hablaba como
si hubiera estado loco (He spoke as if he had been mad
[then]).
- Always indent 10 spaces for block quotations. Block
quotations do
not require comillas.
- Double space everything (that includes text, block
quotations,
endnotes,
and works cited sections).
- Underline titles of longer works (plays, novels, long
poems).
Otherwise
use «comillas» (for shorter works like poems or short
narratives).
- The ending /--ista/ applies to both genders: /el
protagonista, la
protagonista, los protagonistas, las
protagonistas/.
- The word /cuento/. Get rid of it. Use instead
the
following:
/narrative corta, relato breve/. Technically, one does not
“write”
or “read” a «cuento» (“story,” “tale”); one “tells” it for
someone to “listen” to it. But that was long ago. Nowadays
we just read or write them.
- Avoid verbosity by using telling verbs instead of a series
of nouns:
«El
clérigo lo despidió» is clearer and more concise
than
«El clérigo lo puso en la calle».
- Adverbs (ad + verbs) follow verbs in Spanish: «Me gusta
mucho
el libro» (“I like the book very much”).
- The conjunction /y/ changes to /e/ before an /i/ or an
/hi/:
«egoísta e
hipócrita».
- If in doubt about the preterite and the imperfect, consult
my grammar
web
page. Everything you wanted to know about those two tenses is
contained
therein: < http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/SPAN3423.html
>.
- Remember the verb /haber/ means “to be” (exist), as in
«No
podría haber
(instead of tener) intimismo sin amor o dolor». Do not use tener
as a substitute for haber.
- Notice the prepositions that accompany the following verbs
in Spanish:
a) /pensar en/ (to think about), b) soñar con
(to dream about), c) enamorarse de (to fall in love with),
d) casarse con (to marry [someone]), 3) divorciarse de
(to
divorce [someone]).
- Although there is a contraction between the preposition
/de/ and the
masculine
definite article /el/, there is no contraction between the preposition
/de/ and the nominative (subject) pronoun /él/:
«¿De
quién es el libro? ¿De él o
de
ella?».
Corrections for
SPAN 4163
(1):
Typographical signs:
LC = Lower case: 12 de febrero de 2007 (and not 12 de Febrero de 2007).
Cap = Capitalize: 12 February 2007 (not 12 february 2007).
WF = Wrong font: Use New Courier 12.
No Evid. = No textual evidence for your argument or comment.
Syntax:
Anacoluthon = Faulty grammatical logic: “I like apple pie; it is good”
(and not “I like apple pie is good”).
Faulty parallelism = what happens when your sentences are too long
and you’ve lost track of the sequential logic of your syntax. Learn to
punctuate correctly (the MLA book will tell you how) and to write short
and concise sentences in the active voice (subject + verb + predicate).
Be aware of verbal tense agreements. A verb in the past
indicative
triggers a verb in the imperfect subjunctive: «Su objetivo era
conseguir
que la gente leyera (not lea) más».
Punctuation:
Leave ONE space after a colon.
Leave TWO spaces after a period.
Formatting:
Do not right flush (no right justification). Do not justify your
paper in any manner.
Underline titles of long literary works (novels, plays, collections,
anthologies): Cartas marruecas.
Short works (individual poems, short stories) require comillas:
«La
nochebuena de 1836».
Do not italicize (bastardilla) or bold-type (negrita) anything.
Capitalize according to the standards of the target language (the MLA
book covers all modern languages): La comedia nueva o el café
(and
not La Comedia Nueva o El Café).
Invisible errors (due to orality):
«Ha llevado» instead of «a llevado» (the h
is silent in Spanish and, hence, tends to be elided in writing).
Spelling:
A través de (not atraves de).
Jesucristo (not Jesús Cristo)
Gender problems:
El problema (not la problema). Words of Greek origin are
masculine
in Spanish (poema, telegrama, sistema, mapa, clima, and other words
that
end in _ma).
Gender (and number) agreement:
«Una forma satírica» (not «una forma
satírico»); «todos los españoles» (not
«todo los españoles»).
False cognates:
«Larra se da cuenta de que la sociedad española necesita
cambiar» (not «Larra realiza que la sociedad
española
necesita cambiar [realizar means to carry out to fruition in Spanish]);
«Han triunfado» or «Han tenido éxito»
(not
«Han sucedido» [suceder means to happen in Spanish]).
Verb morphology:
«Había [Hubo] muchos problemas» (not
«Habían
[Hubieron] muchos problemas»).
Review the use of ser/estar. Ser comes from Latin esse and serves
to make connections or to describe (the “essence” of) things or persons
(«Juan es médico»; «María es
simpática»);
estar comes from Latin stare and refers to location («Juan
está
en la oficina») or states or conditions (whether temporary or
not:
«María está enferma»; «Pedro
está
muerto»). The verb haber refers to existence only (it means
“there is” or “there are”): «Hay mucha gente en el
mercado».
Only the singular form is used when referring to existence: «Hubo
un accidente ayer»; «Siempre hay múltiples accidents
en esa esquina».
Capitalization:
Iglesia is capitalizad when it refers to the institution: «El
aborto es un crimen en la opinión de la Iglesia». It
is not when it refers to a building: «La iglesia está
enfrente
de ti».
Apocope of certain adjectives:
The adjective grande loses its last syllable only before a singular
noun: «Es un gran autor» (but «Son grandes
autores»).
Anglicisms:
Avoid them. Try to use Spanish terms whenever possible:
«Hubo
un auge» (not «Hubo un boom»).
Style:
Use versar sobre instead of tratarse de (just trust me on this one):
«Las cartas versan sobre el lento progreso de las ciencias»
(instead of «Las cartas se tratan del lento progreso de las
ciencias
[the correction would be: « . . . tratan sobre . . . ».]).
Conjunctive phrases:
SINO / PERO / SINO QUE = They all mean “but.” However,
«pero»
more precisely means “[but] nevertheless” and is used with affirmative
or negative sentences:
«Tengo ganas de ir pero no puedo», «María
no es muy bonita pero es muy simpática».
«Sino»
means “[but] instead” and requires a negative clause (with a verb)
before
its use, as well as a phrase (without a verb) after it: «No
quiero ir al cine sino al teatro».
«Sino que» means “[but] rather” or “[but] on the contrary”
and serves to connect clauses that have different verbs; moreover, the
first clause must be negative: «No vendí la casa sino que
la alquilé».
Last updated on 24 September 2008
Creación de A. Robert Lauer

arlauer@ou.edu
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