|
INSTRUCCIONES GENERALES:
«¿Ser, estar o haber?
¡He ahí el problema!»
(Hamlet tratando de recordar su
español)
Creación de
A. Robert Lauer
Dear Students,
When one writes in Spanish (or English), one
ought to do the following:
-
Use the active voice (subject + verb + object). If you use a passive
construction in Spanish, use the «se» form instead of the true
passive: «Se abren las tiendas a las 13:00h» instead of «Las
tiendas son abiertas a las 13:00h».
-
Write brief, concise, clear sentences (be aware of parallelisms [faulty
parallelisms are common mistakes among writers]).
-
When writing more complex (compound) sentences, use connectors
to ease the flow of the narrative (For a long list of good connectors
click the preceding linked term or see below.
Also, the structure of any paper should have
the following elements:
-
A telling title (this should guide you and your reader through the paper).
-
A clearly defined thesis (an extension of the title).
-
A development of the thesis (examples, evidence, several sentences).
-
A CONCLUSION (which should refer back to the thesis and title). A
conclusion should give a sense of finality to things, not start some new
thesis.
Each paragraph must be at least five sentences
long. Each one should contain a thesis or main point (one brief sentence),
evidence or clarification of the thesis (3 sentences or so), and a conclusion
(which may be a reiteration of the thesis, in a short final sentence).
To ease the flow of the narrative, use appropriate connectors
(list below). I think 4 to 7 paragraphs should constitute a nice
3-page paper.
Additional instructions for writing compositions:
-
Use a computer. Do not turn in handwritten papers for compositions
written at home.
-
Turn in a clean copy of your paper. Make sure you have a enough ink
in the cartridge of your printer. Laser copies are easy on the eye.
-
Use only mechanical diacritics (extended characters; also called "symbols"
in Word [click the "Insert" icon first to get to the "Symbols") or simply
change the keyboard in your computer to "English International" (at one
time it was called the "Brazilian-Portuguese" keyboard) to create accents,
tildes, dieresis, etc. If you do this, you will get acute accents on vowels
by merely pressing the apostrophe button /'/ and then the vowel wanted
to get the following: á, é, í, ó, ú;
the double quotation mark /"/ and the /u/ to get an umlaut: /ü/; the
tilde mark /~/ and the /n/ to create an eñe: /ñ/; ALT + [numeric
pad no.] 168 to create the initial interrogative sign /¿/; ALT +
[numeric pad no.] 174 [ to open a comilla: /«/; ALT + [numeric
pad no.] 175] to close a comilla: /»/, etc. Otherwise,
memorize the PC
or Apple
ASCII codes listed below.
-
For all papers I highly recommend using the following style and font size:
New Courier 12.
-
Use only white paper (double-spaced, with one inch margins on all sides).
-
Use only ONE side of the paper.
-
Double-space every line (do not triple-space between paragraphs or leave
less than a double space [e.g., 1.5] between the lines).
-
Indent each paragraph (5 spaces [using New
Courier 12] from the left [Modern Language Association of America
usage]) [i.e., do not use "block" paragraphs or European indentation [more
than 5 spaces].
-
Paraphrase or use indirect style instead of direct style (i.e., "he said
he was ill" instead of "he said: 'I am ill.'"). However, quote material
when necessary (to prove a point, for instance).
-
Number pages consecutively, on the upper right corner, after your lastname
(e.g., Smith 1, Smith 2, Smith 3, etc.). Consecutive pagination applies
to the Works Cited (Obras citadas) section.
-
Add a Works Cited (Obras citadas) section. Quote some material parenthetically
within the text as well (that would justify adding a Works Cited [Obras
citadas] section).
-
Use a paper clip (not a staple) on the upper left corner when turning your
paper in.
-
When quoting material, use ONLY Spanish (or French) quotation marks (comillas
[guillemets français]): « . . . ».
Do not use << . . . >> as a substitute for « . . . »
or English quotation marks (". . .").
-
In a series of words, elide the comma between the penultimate and final
element: («le gusta comer uvas, plátanos
y manzanas»). In English, a comma is used to separate
all congeries: "He likes to eat grapes, bananasand apples."
-
In quoted material, all punctuation marks in Spanish are placed outside
the comillas: «le gusta comer uvas, plátanos y manzanas.
In English, the punctuation marks are placed inside the quotation marks:
"He likes to eat grapes, bananas, and apples.
For a list of common errors done in Spanish
click the preceding linked term or see below:
Typographical signs used to signal errors:
-
LC = Lower
case: «Son españoles» (not «Son Españoles»).
-
Cap = Capitalize:
«Son de España» (not «Son de españa»).
-
WF = Wrong font:
Use New Courier 12
-
^ =
Insert
-
# =
Space (add [ + ] or use less [ - ] space)
-
SP =
Spelling error (check your sources or look up the word in a dictionary).
-
¶
= Paragraph (start a new paragraph or do not start a
new paragraph: “no ¶ ”).
-
( / ) =
Use parentheses.
-
FRAG = Incomplete sentence (usually
a connecting verb is missing).
-
(/) =
Close up space: «¡Hola!» (not « ¡Hola! »:
«(/)!Hola!(/)»).
-
PUNCT = Faulty or no punctuation.
-
ð
= Delete (from the Greek letter delta ["d"])
-
ROM = Romanize (use New
Courier 12).
-
TRANS = Tranpose: garcias> gracias
Géneros literarios:
-
Epopeya / poema
épico / cantar de gesta
[hecho] <del griego epos > «palabra», «canción»>:
Poema narrativo extenso (de múltiples episodios o acciones) que
presenta un conflicto bélico (una conquista), situaciones maravillosas
y una resolución «alegre» (el fin del conflicto bélico).
Los poemas épicos versan sólo sobre hazañas de héroes
(reyes, príncipes o personajes militarmente extraordinarios [como
El Cid]) o dioses (como en la Ilíada [Iliad] de Homero
[Homer]). La epopeya se divide en episodios y es de origen
griego. Los episodios cantados por juglares aparecen en tiradas
(del francés laisse > inglés lay) de versos
fluctuantes (generalmente de versos asonantes monorrimos de dos hemistiquios
de 7 sílabas cada uno con una cesura o pausa en la mitad del verso:
7 + 7). Las epopeyas clericales (de monjes) consisten de cuartetas
de versos alejandrinos (de 14 sílabas) con rima consonante
monorrima.
-
Drama (del verbo griego dran
= «acción»): Una acción completa (con principio,
desarrollo y fin) llevada a cabo por personajes (nobles [superiores]
en una tragedia; comunes [inferiores] en una comedia). En la primera
parte (el primer acto) se establece un conflicto (siempre hay un conflicto
en cualquier drama, generalmente entre una entidad pública como
el estado y una entidad privada como la familia o el individuo); posteriormente
(en el segundo acto) la acción se desarrolla hasta llegar a un punto
culminante (el clímax de la acción); y finalmente
se soluciona (con la muerte o sufrimiento del personaje principal en una
tragedia; con el casamiento o la integración a la sociedad de personajes
previamente excluidos en una comedia). Los dramas generalmente se
escribían en verso (hasta el siglo XVIII). El drama (tragedia
o comedia) es de origen griego. En España, los actos consisten
de 3 actos dividos en múltiples escenas (las escenas
se determinan por medio de la entrada o la salida de los personajes en
el escenario).
-
Cuento (de «contar»): Una
narrativa breve (en prosa) sobre un «caso» cualquiera que termina
en el momento en que haya una peripecia (del griego peripeteia
> inglés “peripety” > español «cambio»).
El cuento es de origen oriental (de la India, de Medio Oriente).
Generalmente tienen una lección moral o un ejemplo. El material
narrado en forma cronológica (la secuencia temporal) es la fábula
(storyline). La estructura de un cuento (la secuencia lógica
o “plot”) es la trama.
-
Novela [del italiano Novella
> «nueva» <it. «storia»>]: La novela es una
narrativa larga en prosa que presenta un conflicto y varias peripecias
(cambios) hasta llegar a una resolución (un último cambio
o peripecia). Puede empezar desde el principio (ab ovo)
de la acción (con el nacimiento del héroe, por ejemplo),
por el medio (in medias res) o aun por el final (in
extremas res) si la acción es conocida (por ejemplo,
si versa sobre un personaje histórico conocido como M. Ghandi o
J. F. Kennedy). Los personajes de una novela son generalmente medianos
(burgueses o baja aristocracia). El origen de la novela de aventuras
(inglés “romance”) es griego. La «nueva» novela
(de asunto psicológico) es de origen italiano (Boccaccio) y, como
el cuento, tiene sólo una peripecia (es en efecto un cuento largo
o una novela corta). La novela moderna contemporánea (una
combinación de todos los géneros literarios existentes hasta
el siglo XVII) tiene su origen en España, con Cervantes (Don
Quijote [1605, 1615]). La novela valora la narración
y la descripción. Una narrativa sobre acciones pasadas
(una retrospección temporal [ing. “flashback”]) se llama analepsis;
una narrativa sobre acciones futuras se llama prolepsis (ing. “flashforward”).
[NB: un buen ejemplo de una prolepsis se encuentra al final de la película
25th Hour {2002} del director estadounidense Spike Lee].
-
Poema lírico: un poema de corta
extensión sobre un tema en particular. Cada poema tiene una
función diferente: 1) romances (para narrar un acontecimiento
histórico), 2) romancillos (para narrar un acontecimiento
amoroso), 3) redondillas (para diálogos o narración),
3) décimas y quintillas (para expresar quejas [gen.
de amor]), 5) octavas reales (para narrar acontecimientos históricos
de suma importancia), 6) sonetos (para múltiples propósitos,
sobre todo de amor: los dos cuartetos presentan un problema; los dos tercetos
subsiguientes dan la solución al problema), 7) villancicos
(para cantos), 8) jarchas (para cuitas de amor), 9) silvas,
tercetos y liras (para narraciones altamente emotivas), 10)
seguidillas (para bailes), etc.
CONNECTORS:
A
-
además, / es más,
-
A propósito,
-
a propósito de . . .
-
asimismo / así mismo
-
cabe notar/decir
B
-
con tal de que + subjuntivo
-
consiste en
-
consta de
-
de acuerdo con . . .
-
debido a (eso),
C
-
depende de
-
desde ese punto de vista
-
en cambio
-
en cuanto a / con respecto a
-
en forma breve y concisa
D
-
en pocas palabras
-
(eso) viene al caso / (eso) no viene al caso
-
hacer caso / prestar atención
-
hacer caso omiso de /
-
pasar por alto /
E
-
no prestar atención
-
Huelga decir que / Sobra decir que . . .
-
naturalmente, /
-
por supuesto, /
-
desde luego,
F
-
no obstante,
-
otrosí,
-
por añadidura,/adicionalmente,
-
por consiguiente, / por ende,
-
por lo tanto,
G
-
por mi parte
-
por mucho que + subjuntivo
-
por poco que + subjuntivo
-
por un lado,
-
por otro lado, / por el otro,
-
por una parte,
-
por otra parte, / por la otra,
H
-
que yo sepa
-
se sobrentiende
-
Según. / Depende.
-
según . . .
-
siempre y cuando + subjuntivo
-
sin embargo,
-
tener presente / tener en cuenta
|
A
-
moreover, / furthermore,
-
By the way,
-
in regards with / in reference to
-
likewise,
-
It should be noted / said
B
-
provided that
-
it consists of
-
it consists of (# of parts, acts, etc.)
-
according to . . .
-
due to / because of (that),
C
-
to depend on (upon)
-
from that point of view
-
whereas / on the other hand
-
with respect (regard) to
-
briefly (stated),
D
-
to summarize / in other words
-
To bear (or not) on the subject / to be (or not) pertinent (relevant)
-
to pay attention
-
to ignore / to pay no attention to
-
not to pay attention, to overlook (intentionally)
E
-
not to pay attention
-
Needless to say . . .
-
Of course
-
Of course,
-
Of course,
F
-
That notwithstanding, . . . / Nevertheless, . . .
-
Furthermore / besides, / moreover
-
Additionally,
-
therefore,
-
hence,
G
-
as far as I am concerned
-
no matter how much
-
no matter how little
-
on the one hand,
-
on the other,
-
on one hand,
-
on the other,
H
-
as far as I know
-
it is self understood
-
It depends.
-
according to . . .
-
provided that
-
however, / nevertheless,
-
to keep in mind
|
A
-
Además [Es
más], no creo que sea suficiente
-
A propósito, ¿sabes cuánto
cuesta?
-
A propósito de Juan, ¿cómo
está?
-
Asimismo, es posible que vengan.
-
Cabe notar que [Cabe
decir que] Juan es analfabeto.
B
-
Con tal de que venga temprano, no habrá
problemas.
-
El problema consiste en no tener suficiente
dinero.
-
La ópera consta de tres actos.
-
De acuerdo con la Biblia, Dios creó
el mundo en siete días.
-
Debido a las teorías de Darwin,
se postulan otra como «diseño inteligente».
C
-
--¿Vamos al cine? --Depende de
lo que diga mi hermano.
-
¡Desde ese punto de vista, cualquier
teoría sería correcta!
-
El presidente Carter se considera como un presidente débil por no
haber atacado Irán en los años 60; en
cambio, el presidente Bush se considera agresivo por haber atacado
Irak.
-
En cuanto a [Con
respecto a] Cuba, no se sabe a ciencia cierta qué ocurrirá
después de la muerte de Castro.
-
En forma breve y concisa, el plan de
guerra ha fallado.
D
-
En pocas palabras, la venta ha sido
un éxito.
-
Hablar sobre eso ahora no viene al caso.
-
Hay que hacer caso (prestar
atención) a las palabras del papa.
-
Hay que hacer caso omiso de las palabras
de un mentiroso.
-
El juez pasó por alto la opinión
del abogado.
E
-
María no le presta
mucha atención a Juan.
-
Huelga decir que [Sobra
decir que] el acusado fue perdonado.
-
--¿Vas a hacerlo? --Naturalmente
[Por supuesto] {Desde
luego}.
F
-
Ana le advirtió a Juan que no se bañara en el lago después
de comer. No obstante, Juan lo
hizo.
-
No se bebe fumar en la iglesia. Otrosí,
hay que apagar los teléfonos celulares.
-
No debe fumar. Adicionalmente
(Por añadidura), tampoco debe
comer mucho.
-
De joven no ahorró dinero. Por consiguiente
[Por ende], ahora es pobre.
-
Pedro no dejó de preocuparse. Por
lo tanto, sufrió un derrame cerebral.
G
-
Espero que dejes de beber. Por mi parte,
yo dejaré de fumar.
-
Por mucho [poco]
que llores, la situación seguirá
igual
-
Por un lado [Por
una parte], sería bueno que no hubiera guerras.
-
Por otro lado [Por
el otro / Por otra parte
<Por la otra>], sería malo
para los negocios.
H
-
Que yo sepa, todavía hay campos
de concentración en Europa.
-
Se sobrentiende que estoy hanblando
de la Europa oriental.
-
--Crees todo lo que lees? --Depende
de quien lo diga
-
Según Juan, nunca ha habido
un holocausto.
-
Eso podrá ser cierto siempre y cuando
Juan defina sus términos.
-
Sin embargo, la evidencia es obvia.
-
Hay que tener en cuenta [tener
presente] que Juan no ha leído mucho.
|
A
-
Moreover [Furthermore], I don't thing it will be sufficient.
-
By the way, do you know how much it costs?
-
In regards with [In reference to] John, how is he?
-
Likewise, it is possible that they will come.
-
It should be noted that [It should be said that] John is illiterate.
B
-
Provided he arrives early, there should be no problem.
-
The problem consists of not having enough money.
-
The opera consists of three acts.
-
According to the Bible, God created the world in seven days.
-
Due to [Because of] Darwin's theories, others like "intelligent design"
have been postulated.
C
-
"Should we go to the movies?" "It depends on what my brother says."
-
From that point of view, any theory would be right!
-
President Carter is considered a weak president for not having attacked
Iran in the 1960s; whereas [on the other hand] President Bush is considered
aggressive for having attacked Iraq.
-
With respect to [With regard to] Cuba, one does not know for sure what
will happen after the death of Castro.
-
Briefly stated, the war plan has failed.
D
-
En pocas palabras [In other words], the sale has been a success.
-
To speak about it now is irrelevant (not pertinent} [does not bear on the
subject].
-
One must pay attention to the words of the Pope.
-
One must ignore (not pay attention to) the words of a liar.
-
The judge overlooked the lawyer's opinion.
E
-
Mary does not pay much attention to John.
-
Needless to say, the accused was pardoned.
-
"Are you going to do it? Naturally [Of course].
F
-
Ann warned John not to swim in the lake after eating. That notwithstanding
[Nevertheless], John did it.
-
One ought not to talk in Church. Morevoer {Furthermore], one ought
to turn off one's cell phone.
-
You ought not to smoke. Additionally, you ought not to eat much.
-
As a young person s/he did not save money. Therefore, now s/he is
poor.
-
Peter did not stop worrying. Hence, he had a stroke.
G
-
I hope you stop drinking. As far as I am concerned, I will stop smoking.
-
No matter how much [little] you cry, the situation wil remain the same.
-
On the one hand, it would be good if there were no wars.
-
On the other [hand], it would be bad for business.
H
-
As far as I know, there are still concentration camps in Europe.
-
It is self understood that I am talking about Eastern Europe.
-
"Do you believe everything you read?" "it depends on who says it."
-
According to John, there has never been a holocaust.
-
That might be true provided that John defines his terms.
-
However [Nevertheless], the evidence is obvious.
-
One must keep in mind that John has not read much.
|
PC ASCII Code for Extended
Characters: Instructions: To get an é (an e with an acute
accent), press ALT and the appropriate number on the numeric pad of your
computer (i.e., ALT + [numeric pad no.] 130).If you have a Macintosh, press
OPTION e then e (v. Macintosh code below
Codes for PCs (Microsoft Word or WordPerfect):
á ALT + [numeric pad no.] 160 (e.g.,
plástico)
é ALT + [numeric pad no.] 130 (e.g.,
éxito)
í ALT + [numeric pad no.] 161 (e.g.,
implícito)
ó ALT + [numeric pad no.] 162 (e.g.,
anatómico)
ú ALT + [numeric pad no.] 163 (e.g.,
adúltero)
ñ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 164 (e.g.,
niño)
Ñ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 165 (e.g., NIÑO)
ü ALT + [numeric pad no.] 129 (e.g., lingüística)
¡ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 173 (¡Dios
mío!}
¿ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 168 (¿Qué
es esto?)
« ALT + [numeric pad no.] 174 («Ser
o no ser . . .
» ALT + [numeric pad no.] 175
. . . he ahí el problema»)
ª ALT + [numeric pad no.] 166 (e.g.,
Doña Ana => Dª Ana)
º ALT + [numeric pad no.] 167 (e.g.,
el primero => el 1º)
½ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 171 (e.g., medio
{½} litro)
¼ ALT + [numeric pad no.] 172 (e.g., un cuarto
{¼} de litro)
Codes for Macintosh
computers (WordPerfect or Microsoft Word):
á OPTION e then a
é OPTION e then e
í OPTION e then i
ï OPTION u then i
ó OPTION e then o
ú OPTION e then u
ü OPTION u then u
ñ OPTION n then n
Á OPTION e then SHIFT a
É OPTION e then SHIFT e
Í OPTION e then SHIFT i
Ï OPTION u then SHIFT i
Ó OPTION e then SHIFT o
Ú OPTION e then SHIFT u
Ü OPTION u then SHIFT u
Ñ OPTION n then SHIFT n
¿ SHIFT OPTION ?
¡ OPTION 1
« OPTION \
» SHIFT OPTION \
º SHIFT OPTION 8
Common errors done when writing in Spanish
(based on actual student examples):
CORRECTIONS FOR SPAN 4153 (1):
-
versar sobre = Use this verb instead of «tratar de»:
«La epopeya versa sobre la vida del Cid» (“The epic
deals with the life of El Cid.”).
-
Underline (do not use comillas) titles of literary works: Antología
de autores españoles antiguos y modernos.
-
Mío Cid (not Mió Cid or Mio Cid).
-
Titles require titles in Spanish: «El angel Gabriel le prometió
buena fortuna», «El rey Alfonso VI recibió el
obsequio del Cid», «El Cid luchó contra los musulmanes»,
«El conde Lucanor escucha a su consejero Patronio»,
«El deán de Toledo vino a verlo».
-
However, titles are not used with God, saints, and the aristocratic titles
Don or Doña: «Dios le ayudó», «Santiago
[San Diego] los defendió», «Santa María los escuchó»,
«Don Juan vino al concierto con doña Ana».
-
Avoid the passive voice in writing. Hence, instead of saying «Su
religiosidad fue mostrada», use the passive se construction («Su
religiosidad se muestra») or the active voice («El Cid muestra
su religiosidad»).
-
Use slashes ( / ) to separate poetic lines (leave one blank space before
and after a slash): «Nuestras vidas son los ríos / que
van a dar a la mar, / que es el morir».
-
Words of Greek origin (usually ending with _ma, _ta, or _pa) are masculine
(poema, programa, clima, sistema, telegrama, tema, , cometa, mapa, día).
Hence, use masculine articles AND adjectives («El cometa
es maravilloso»).
-
A student paper is called a «trabajo» in Spanish.
-
Capitalize Iglesia when the term refers to the institution. Do no
capitalize iglesia when it refers to an unspecified building: «En
la opinion de la Iglesia, . . . »; «Vamos a la iglesia
que está en la esquina».
-
SINO / PERO / SINO QUE = They all mean “but.” However,
«pero» more precisely means “[but] nevertheless” and is used
with affirmative or negative sentences: «Tengo ganas de ir pero no
puedo», «María no es muy bonita pero es muy simpática».
«Sino» means “[but] instead” and requires a negative clause
(with a verb) before its use, as well as a phrase (without a verb) after
it: «No quiero ir al cine sino al teatro». «Sino
que» means “[but] rather” or “[but] on the contrary” and serves to
connect clauses that have different verbs; moreover, the first clause must
be negative: «No vendí la casa sino que la alquilé».
-
Parallelisms: Don’t be afraid of them. Make sure that if you have
any series (of nouns or verbs, for instance) in a sentence, they all belong
to the same grammatical element (all nouns or all verbs): «Lo hicieron
por amor, fidelidad y fe» (and not «Lo hicieron por
amor, fidelidad y en el nombre de Dios».
-
Do not misspell the name of your instructor. It is Lauer, not Laurer
or Laur.
-
Abstract, generic, and partitive nouns. All abstract nouns require
articles: «la libertad es Buena», «La verdad
es indispensable». Generic nouns (nouns used in a general or
universal sense) also require articles: «El pan es saludable».
HOWEVER, nouns used in a partitive manner do not use articles: «Necesito
pan». Nouns are used generically when you can add the phrase
“in general” to them, as in «El pan [bread in general] es saludable»,
even if you modify or specify a specific kind of bread: «El pan francés/italiano/sirio
es saludable». Nouns are used in a partitive fashion if you
can add the phrase “some” («algo de») to them: «Necesito
(algo de [some]) pan», even if you specify or modify the term bread:
«Necesito pan francés/italiano/sirio».
-
The adverbial temporal connector antes de que always requires the
use of the subjunctive mood: «Juan te llamará antes
de que María salga» (“John will call you before
Mary leaves”), «Juan te llamó antes de que María
saliera» (“John called you before Mary left”).
-
Por/para: see enclosed handout (at the end of this attachment).
| Por and para. Briefly stated, por
refers to source; para to destination.
Por, is formed from the Latin
prepositions per & pro. Per was used in expressing
the time or place through which anything passed; the person through or
by whom, or that on account of which anything was done. The primary
meaning of pro was before, in front of. But one may stand before
another as a defender, advocate, friend, or representative, and thus act
or speak for or on behalf of him, or for his benefit; it also signified
the taking, exchanging or substituting one person or thing for another.
Basically, you use por to express manner, means (of communication or transportation),
reason, motive, agent, immediate object of an errand, opinion, estimation,
acceptation, space of time during which an action takes place or continues,
the place through or along which motion takes place, exchange, unit of
measure, oaths, with an infinitive to indicate what remains to be done,
in behalf of, in favor of, for the sake of, instead of.
Para is a combination of pro
in the sense of before, forward, and ad, i.e., to, so that its primary
signification is "forward unto." In all its uses, its characteristics
are purpose, object, end, or intention. Thus, you use para to indicate
use, purpose, destination, intention, special use of something, in order
to (+ inf.), with estar para + inf. = to be about to . . . , a point in
time in the future, to express a comparison of inequality, and instead
of a to express uncertainty in motion.
1. ¿Quieres una pluma ___________ escribir?
2. ____________ su edad, Elenita es muy baja.
3. Creo que mañana salimos __________ México.
4. Tenemos que hacer la tarea ____________ el viernes.
5. Esos vasos son _____________ vino.
6. El está trabajando mucho __________ terminar
la tarea.
7. Hemos comprado unas tazas ___________ café.
8. Mañana pensamos salir __________ España.
9. Se quedaron aquí __________ tres horas.
10. ¿Cuánto dinero pagaste _________ ese coche?
11. Muchas personas pasan ________ aquí todos los días.
12. Esos regalos son ____________ ti.
13. El quiere estudiar más __________ tener éxito
en su carrera.
14. ¡No quiero que hables _________ mí!
15. ¿______________ cuándo vas a terminar eso?
16. ¡Me tomó __________ un ladrón!
17. Enviaron los libros ________ avión pero José
llegó EN avión.
18. Andaban mucho _________ ese parque.
19. ___________ un muchacho de doce años, Juan toca bien
el piano.
20. Antes venían aquí dos veces _________ semana.
21. Ve a la carnicería __________ carne.
22. Vamos a la panadería ________ comprar pan.
23. Muchos libros fueron escritos __________ ese autor.
24. ¡Quiero que estén aquí ________ esa fecha
y no más tarde!
25. Mandaron al niño _______ vino.
26. Te llamo _______ teléfono ________ que vengas a vernos
pronto.
27. ¡ _________ Dios! ¡No conduzcas a 160 quilómetros
_______ hora!
28. Ellos lucharon __________ la libertad de su país.
29. La ley fue dada _______ el rey __________ el pueblo.
30. ¡ ________ fin terminamos este ejercicio!
|
-
Capitalize divine titles or epithets: Dios, Cristo, la Virgen
María, San Pedro.
-
Personal a: use the personal a when the
direct object of a sentence is human: «La Virgen salvo a
un hombre». HOWEVER, do not use a personal a when the object
of your sentence is not a direct object (e.g., a prepositional object):
«Juan se casó con María».
-
Spanish words ending in _o, or _or are usually masculine
(el carro, el profesor).
-
Spanish words ending in _a, _ad, _ud, and _umbre
are usually feminine (la casa, la ciudad, la
esclavitud, la muchedumbre).
-
Respeto/respecto: Respeto means “respect” for someone or
something: «El Cid respeta al rey Alfonso VI». Respeto
is part of a phrase like «con respecto a» (”with
respect to”): «Con respecto al Cid. . . . » (“With
respect to El Cid, . . . .”).
-
Know your literary genres. Not everything you read is a cuento or
historia. We have read poemas, epopeyas, and cuentos. Use the
word «obras» or «obras literarias» to refer to
literary works of multiple genres.
-
Anacoluthon (“not following”) is a word of Greek origin which refers to
an illogical or inconsistent sentence. This is a very common error
that happens when one starts writing a sentence and, before finishing it,
one continues it with another one, as in “I like apple pie is good” (instead
of “I like apple pie. It is good”).
-
Gender/number agreement: Be consistent in making nouns, articles,
adjectives, and verbs agree in gender and number throughout a sentence:
«Las obras literarias son
curiosas y presentan varios temas
considerados indecentes hoy día».
-
Parecer/aparecer: Both terms mean “to appear.” However, parecer
means “to appear” in the sense of “to seem,” whereas aparecer
means “to appear” in the sense of “to make an appearance.” Hence:
«Muchos valores morales parecen [“seem, appear to be”] ambiguos»,
«Muchos actors aparecieron [“appeared, made an appearance”]
de repente para el ensayo».
-
Contractions: al/del: «Vieron al Cid»
(not «a el»). «La espada del Cid»
(no «de el»).
-
«Responsabilidad» (not «responsibilidad»).
-
«Personaje» instead of «carácter»:
«Los personajes dramáticos (dramatic characters) pueden
tener cinco caracteres (psychological [physiological] character
/ temperament) diferentes, pues pueden ser flemáticos, sanguíneos,
coléricos, melancólicos o mercuriales».
-
Avergonzar/embarazar: «El Cid avergonzó [shamed] al
Rey». The use of the verb embarazó in the above
context would have constituted a veritable miracle.
-
Religions are not capitalized in Spanish: «Los cristianos
y los musulmanes lucharon juntos».
-
An infinitive follows a preposition in Spanish: «Tomaron café
antes de irse» (“They drank coffee before leaving.”).
-
Be impersonal in a composition or research paper. Spare your reader
any personal feelings or outburst of emotion (use «Uno» or
a passive se construction instead of «yo» or «a mí»).
Also, never address your reader in a paper (as in «tú»
or «a ti»).
CORRECTIONS FOR SPAN 4153
(2):
-
Do not underline (or use comillas for) literary forms like romance, villancico,
etc. If you refer to a specific poem, simply refer to it as follows:
«En la serranilla 6 se ve el amor entre un noble y una villana».
-
Notice also that one should use Arabic numerals for practically everything
(except for outlines [I, II, III]. ecclesiastic and secular titles of nobility
[el papa Benedicto XVI, el rey Juan Carlos I], centuries [siglo XXI], and
some prefaces and introductions to books, which require the use of Roman
numerals in lowercase format [i-viii]). Hence, write the following
as follows: salmo 23, soneto 11, serranilla 9, romance 5, etc.
-
The first time you quote a text, list it fully, as in Coplas de Jorge
Manrique por la muerte de su padre. In subsequent quotations
you can abbreviate the title (as in Coplas). The same goes
for authors. Hence, mention Jorge Manrique the first time.
Later you can refer to him as Manrique. With saints (Santa Teresa
de Jesús, San Juan de la Cruz), subsequent quotations require their
first names only, with their title (Santa Teresa, San Juan).
-
Notice that collections of romances (or songs [canciones <villancicos>])
are called Romanceros (or Cancioneros). Unless you refer to a specific
published Romancero or Cancionero (Cancionero musical de palacio
or Romancero general), there is no need to underline the term or
even to use upper-case letters. The romanceros or cancioneros contain
many romances and canciones (villancicos). Since those are the names
of literary forms, and not of specifically published romances or villancicos,
there is no need to underline them (or use comillas). However, when
you quote a specific (published) romance or villancico, give the title
and use comillas (poems and short stories require comillas instead of underlining),
as in «La derrota del Guadalete». If the poem is numbered
(and the numbering is probably an editor’s) or has no title, use the first
line of the poem in its entirety as the title, and enclose it within comillas,
as in «Tres morillas me enamoran» (Antología77).
-
Avoid verbosity in any language. Instead of beating around the bush
(i.e., using circumlocution), use a telling verb. Spanish has verbs
for practically every possible action. Hence, instead of saying something
convoluted like «El noble se bajó a un nivel social inferior
ante la serrana», say «El noble se humilló [humbled
himself] ante la serrana».
-
Be aware of subjunctive constructions, especially in noun clauses.
A sentence like the following, «El rey desea la muerte llegar»
requires the subjunctive, since the first verb indicates emotion (wish,
fear, etc.): «El rey desea que la muerte llegue».
-
Notice that although it is advisable to use the passive se construction
in Spanish (instead of the true passive voice), if you indicate the agent
of the action (by means of the preposition por), only the true passive
(ser + past participle) must be used, as in «La muerte es vista
[instead of se ve] por muchas personas como algo trágico».
If no agent is indicated, retain the passive se construction: «La
muerte se ve como algo trágico». You can also
use the active voice: «Mucha gente ve la muerte como algo trágico».
-
Aprender de / enterarse de. They mean different things. Aprender
de means to “learn from,” as in: «Ana y María apendieron
[learned] mucho de su maestro». Enterarse de means to
“find out,” as in: «Pleberio se enteró de [found out
about] la muerte de su hija».
-
To “spend time” is «pasar tiempo», although a more precise
verb might be «entretenerse». To “waste time,” however,
is «perder tiempo».
-
Remember that Spanish has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Everything that exists has a gender and a number, and in Spanish, things
can only be masculine or feminine (in other languages, like German, things
can be masculine, feminine, or neuter). Hence, when neuter forms
are used (as in ello, lo, esto, eso, aquello),
they cannot refer to anything specific (since everything has a masculine
or feminine gender in Spanish) but to something general, usually an antecedent
phrase. Hence, lo + adjective, or lo que + verb refer
to nothing in particular: «Lo trágico de la muerte
[The tragic “thing/aspect” about death] es perder a un ser querido»,
«Lo que es trágico de la muerte [“What” is tragic about
death . . .] . . .», «Ello [Eso] no tiene sentido»
(“‘That’ makes no sense”).
-
Do not use articles with people, as in «
la Melibea»
or «el Calisto». The use of a definite
article with a name shows disdain in Spanish, as in “That Melibea person.”
The book uses «La Celestina» for two reasons: to show
some disdain for a wicked person and to show her profession (which would
require a title), since Celestina nowadays means a go-between or even a
procuress.
-
With the verb morir, don’t overuse the reflexive form, which implies
an unexpected or accidental death. Hence, «A la reina no le
importa si el Conde Niño vive o muere» is correct;
«[. . .] vive o
se muere» isn’t. In
oral Spanish, the reflexive form of this verb is overused. Even more
extreme is the reflexive form with an indirect object pronoun, as in «¡se
nos murió el abuelo!» («grandpa died on us!».
Keep it real. Death is part of life.
-
Try to judge a literary work on its merits as a work of art (is it well
structured? Etc.). Don’t make historical or literary assumptions
(«En ese tiempo [. . .», «La literatura de entonces
[. . .]»), which will either be wrong or, even if right, impertinent,
since a work of art reflects reality only in a verisimilar (and not in
a true or historical) fashion. Likewise, ethical judgments, which
are culturally determined, are also out of place in a work of art (which
is not an account of anything or anyone historical). Objectivity
and precision would be better tactics. Hence, «Calisto está
obsesionado por Melibea» might be more precise than «Calisto
está loco», «Calisto es estúpido», or «Calisto
es hereje».
-
Do not use tanto unless you make a comparison. Use mucho
instead. Hence, «Su amor se basa mucho en lo físico»
is correct. «Su amor se basa
tanto en lo físico»
is incorrect, unless you supply the comparison, as in «Su amor se
basa tanto en lo físco como en lo espiritual».
The same is true for tan. Use muy instead: «Su
amor es muy apasionado» is correct. «Su amor es
tan apasionado» is not, unless you make a comparison,
as in «Su amor es tan apasionado como impráctico».
In oral (informal) Spanish, speakers tend to use tanto and tan
in place of mucho and muy. Such is life.
-
ROM = Romanize (use New Courier 12). No Italics.
-
« . . . » = Use comillas (guillemets, chevrons, angle
quotation marks). Do no use English double quotation marks: “. .
.” or single quotation marks: ‘. . . ’ The correct single quotation
comilla or guillemet is ‹ . . . › (chek the Symbols section in your Word
editor). Unlike French, no space is placed before or after a comilla.
-
Do not justify (flush right) your paper.
-
Do not forget to add the preposition para to indicate purpose.
Notice that in English one may not notice its presence (or absence) in
infinitive constructions on account of the “to” (para) of verbal
infinitives, as in: «Hay que vivir una vida ejemplar para
[in order to] vivir en paz». «
Hay que vivir
una vida ejemplar vivir en paz» would be incorrect.
-
The adjective cada (of Greek origin [kata]) in Spanish is unique
in that it does not reflect gender («cada hombre», «cada
mujer»). But it reflects number (singular only), as in «Cada
obra versa sobre la muerte».
-
Enarmorarse de + noun = to fall in love with + noun: «Calisto
se enamoró de Melibea».
-
Realizar / darse cuenta de = to fulfill (a task, a goal) / to become aware
of: «Juan realizó su deseo de ser médico»
(fulfilled his desire); «Pleberio se dio cuenta de que Melibea
había muerto» (became aware).
-
Make sure you quote your sources accurately.
-
concepto / concepción = concept / conception: «El concepto
del amor» (concept); «La concepción inmaculada
de María» (conception).
-
Hacerse / ponerse = to become (in a planned [non-physical or emotive] fashion
/ to get (physically [or emotively], spontaneously): «Los poemas
se hicieron (became [with time]) más famosos después»;
«Los estudiantes se pusieron (got [immediately]) tristes al
oír las noticias».
-
For a review of the subjunctive in noun, adjective, and adverbial clauses,
see my web page: < http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/SPAN3423.html
>.
-
From now use, follow the rules for cross-references as found in MLA 5.6.10.
CORRECTIONS FOR SPAN 4153
(3):
-
TRANS = Tranpose: Gracilaso > Garcilaso
-
Tener razón (to be right) / no tener razón (to be wrong).
-
Verbs of a) teaching, b) learning, c) beginning, and d) motion add the
preposition /a/ before a second (infinitive) verb: a) Antonio Banderas
enseñaa bailar el tango, b) María aprendea
bailar el vals, c) Empezaron (comenzaron) a bailar
el año pasado, d) Juan y María van a ver la
película Borat.
-
The expression /como si/ always triggers a contrary to fact statement.
Contrary to fact statements require the subjunctive. When one negates
something in the present, a past tense (of the subjunctive) must be used;
when one negates something in the past, a pluperfect form (of the subjunctive)
must be used. This is true of Spanish and English: a) Habla como
si estuviera loco (He speaks as if he were mad [now]). b) Hablaba
como si hubiera estado loco (He spoke as if he had been mad
[then]).
-
Always indent 10 spaces for block quotations. Block quotations do
not require comillas.
-
Double space everything (that includes text, block quotations, endnotes,
and works cited sections).
-
Underline titles of longer works (plays, novels, long poems). Otherwise
use «comillas» (for shorter works like poems or short narratives).
-
The ending /--ista/ applies to both genders: /el protagonista,
la protagonista, los protagonistas, las
protagonistas/.
-
The word /cuento/. Get rid of it. Use instead the following:
/narrative corta, relato breve/. Technically, one does not “write”
or “read” a «cuento» (“story,” “tale”); one “tells” it for
someone to “listen” to it. But that was long ago. Nowadays
we just read or write them.
-
Avoid verbosity by using telling verbs instead of a series of nouns: «El
clérigo lo despidió» is clearer and more concise than
«El clérigo lo puso en la calle».
-
Adverbs (ad + verbs) follow verbs in Spanish: «Me gusta mucho
el libro» (“I like the book very much”).
-
The conjunction /y/ changes to /e/ before an /i/ or an /hi/: «egoísta
e hipócrita».
-
If in doubt about the preterite and the imperfect, consult my grammar web
page. Everything you wanted to know about those two tenses is contained
therein: < http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/SPAN3423.html
>.
-
Remember the verb /haber/ means “to be” (exist), as in «No podría
haber (instead of tener) intimismo sin amor o dolor».
Do not use tener as a substitute for haber.
-
Notice the prepositions that accompany the following verbs in Spanish:
a) /pensar en/ (to think about), b) soñar con
(to dream about), c) enamorarse de (to fall in love with),
d) casarse con (to marry [someone]), 3) divorciarse de (to
divorce [someone]).
-
Although there is a contraction between the preposition /de/ and the masculine
definite article /el/, there is no contraction between the preposition
/de/ and the nominative (subject) pronoun /él/: «¿De
quién es el libro? ¿De él o de
ella?».
Corrections for SPAN 4163
(1):
Typographical signs:
LC = Lower case: 12 de febrero de 2007 (and not 12 de Febrero de 2007).
Cap = Capitalize: 12 February 2007 (not 12 february 2007).
WF = Wrong font: Use New Courier 12.
No Evid. = No textual evidence for your argument or comment.
Syntax:
Anacoluthon = Faulty grammatical logic: “I like apple pie; it is good”
(and not “I like apple pie is good”).
Faulty parallelism = what happens when your sentences are too long
and you’ve lost track of the sequential logic of your syntax. Learn to
punctuate correctly (the MLA book will tell you how) and to write short
and concise sentences in the active voice (subject + verb + predicate).
Be aware of verbal tense agreements. A verb in the past indicative
triggers a verb in the imperfect subjunctive: «Su objetivo era conseguir
que la gente leyera (not lea) más».
Punctuation:
Leave ONE space after a colon.
Leave TWO spaces after a period.
Formatting:
Do not right flush (no right justification). Do not justify your
paper in any manner.
Underline titles of long literary works (novels, plays, collections,
anthologies): Cartas marruecas.
Short works (individual poems, short stories) require comillas: «La
nochebuena de 1836».
Do not italicize (bastardilla) or bold-type (negrita) anything.
Capitalize according to the standards of the target language (the MLA
book covers all modern languages): La comedia nueva o el café (and
not La Comedia Nueva o El Café).
Invisible errors (due to orality):
«Ha llevado» instead of «a llevado» (the h
is silent in Spanish and, hence, tends to be elided in writing).
Spelling:
A través de (not atraves de).
Jesucristo (not Jesús Cristo)
Gender problems:
El problema (not la problema). Words of Greek origin are masculine
in Spanish (poema, telegrama, sistema, mapa, clima, and other words that
end in _ma).
Gender (and number) agreement:
«Una forma satírica» (not «una forma
satírico»); «todos los españoles» (not
«todo los españoles»).
False cognates:
«Larra se da cuenta de que la sociedad española necesita
cambiar» (not «Larra realiza que la sociedad española
necesita cambiar [realizar means to carry out to fruition in Spanish]);
«Han triunfado» or «Han tenido éxito» (not
«Han sucedido» [suceder means to happen in Spanish]).
Verb morphology:
«Había [Hubo] muchos problemas» (not «Habían
[Hubieron] muchos problemas»).
Review the use of ser/estar. Ser comes from Latin esse and serves
to make connections or to describe (the “essence” of) things or persons
(«Juan es médico»; «María es simpática»);
estar comes from Latin stare and refers to location («Juan está
en la oficina») or states or conditions (whether temporary or not:
«María está enferma»; «Pedro está
muerto»). The verb haber refers to existence only (it means
“there is” or “there are”): «Hay mucha gente en el mercado».
Only the singular form is used when referring to existence: «Hubo
un accidente ayer»; «Siempre hay múltiples accidents
en esa esquina».
Capitalization:
Iglesia is capitalizad when it refers to the institution: «El
aborto es un crimen en la opinión de la Iglesia». It
is not when it refers to a building: «La iglesia está enfrente
de ti».
Apocope of certain adjectives:
The adjective grande loses its last syllable only before a singular
noun: «Es un gran autor» (but «Son grandes autores»).
Anglicisms:
Avoid them. Try to use Spanish terms whenever possible: «Hubo
un auge» (not «Hubo un boom»).
Style:
Use versar sobre instead of tratarse de (just trust me on this one):
«Las cartas versan sobre el lento progreso de las ciencias»
(instead of «Las cartas se tratan del lento progreso de las ciencias
[the correction would be: « . . . tratan sobre . . . ».]).
Conjunctive phrases:
SINO / PERO / SINO QUE = They all mean “but.” However, «pero»
more precisely means “[but] nevertheless” and is used with affirmative
or negative sentences:
«Tengo ganas de ir pero no puedo», «María
no es muy bonita pero es muy simpática». «Sino»
means “[but] instead” and requires a negative clause (with a verb) before
its use, as well as a phrase (without a verb) after it: «No
quiero ir al cine sino al teatro».
«Sino que» means “[but] rather” or “[but] on the contrary”
and serves to connect clauses that have different verbs; moreover, the
first clause must be negative: «No vendí la casa sino que
la alquilé».
Last updated on 5 September 2009
Creación de A. Robert Lauer
arlauer@ou.edu
|