COURSE CONTENT AND OBJECTIVES: This course will cover the foreign policy of the United States in the period from 1940 to the present. Topics to be examined will include the meaning of the concept of the National Interest; methods of using foreign policy to carry out the National Interest, in conjunction with how foreign policy is made; and an examination of old and new challenges facing American foreign-policy makers. We will look at the foreign-policy institutions of the United States, and the relations between these institutions and the corresponding ones in other countries; e.g. the Quai D'Orsay, the German Foreign Office, the British Foreign Office, and the foreign ministries of China and Japan. Next, the course will examine the phasing out of the Cold War and entrance into a new foreign-policy age, in which there is a struggle to find new approaches and replacements for the bi-polar age. Some of the new approaches are: trade, multi-lateralism, human rights and democratization. Finally, we will examine briefly the intellectual foundations and enduring issues in American foreign policy which are provided by selected classical texts, including the concepts of balance of power, leadership, security and democracy. Overall the course will stress a critical examination of the foundations of American foreign policy in the modern era.

COURSE EXPECTATIONS/GRADING: Regular attendance and participation in class discussions is required, along with thorough preparation in the readings before the date on which they assigned. The components of the course will weighted as follows: Required attendance and participation, 5%; five short quizzes, 10%; mid-term exam, 25%; a research paper of 12-17 pp. in length, 30%, and a final exam, 30%. Note that the exams will be in the short and long essay format.

POLICY ON MAKEUP WORK AND ABSENCES: Makeup work will be allowed only at the discretion of the professor. Missed examinations will be made up only in the event of a bona fide family emergency or illness, accompanied by a doctor's note.

The instructor's lecture's and in-class discussion will constitute major elements of the course's substance and grading. Regular class attendance will be necessary to successfully complete the course. Absence from two classes (the equivalent of six absences in a course taught for one hour three times a week) without a written explanation from a doctor will be penalized by lowering your final grade by one letter.

STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES: Any student in this course who has a disability that may prevent him or her from fully demonstrating his or her abilities should contact the professor personally as early in the semester as possible in order to discuss reasonable accommodations necessary to ensure full participation and facilitation of the student's educational opportunities.

REQUIRED TEXTS: (Tentative list)

Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department. New York: Norton, 1969.
Kissinger, Henry A. Diplomacy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
Shultz, George. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State. New York: Charles Schribner and Sons, 1993.
Richelieu, Cardinal Jean du Plessis, Duc de. The Political Testament. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961 [1695].
Melanson, Richard. Reconstructing Consensus: American Foreign Policy since the Vietnam War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Rostow, Eugene V. Towards Managed Peace: The National Security Interests of the United States, 1789 to the Present. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1993.

In addition, there will be a required reading packet of selected texts, available at all the local bookstores.

PREREQUISITES: P.Sc. 2503 (Intro. to International Relations) or equivalent, or permission of the instructor, and junior standing.
 
 
OPTIONAL TEXTS (Tentative list)

Morgenthau, Hans. 1993 [1948]. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Brief Edition. Revised by Kenneth Thompson. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc.
Carr, E.H. 1946 [1939]. The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.
De Tocqueville, Alex. 1969. Democracy in America. J.P. Mayer, ed. Garden City, New York: Doubleday-Anchor, Inc.
Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. 1789. The Federalist [Papers].
Smith, Jean.  The Constitution and American Foreign Policy.
Viotti, Paul R. and Kauppi, Mark V. 1993. International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism and Globalism. Second Edition. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.

ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDED READINGS (not required):

Statesmen and Diplomats

Murphy, Robert. Diplomats Among Warriors.
Kissinger, Henry A.  White House Years and Years of Upheaval.
Churchill, Winston.  The Second World War.
De Gaulle, Charles.  Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor.
Gelb, L., Anthony Lake, and I.M. Destler. PY. Our Own Worst Enemy: The Unmaking of Foreign Policy. P

Memoirs

Kennan, George F. 1952. American Diplomacy: 1900-1950. New York: New American Library.
__________. 1966 Realities of American Foreign Policy. New York: Norton and Co.

Ethics and Philosophy in Foreign Policy

Niebuhr, Rheinhold. 1960 [1932]. Moral Man and Immoral Society. New York: Charles Schribner's Sons.
Clinton, David W. 1994. The Two Faces of National Interest. Baton Rouge: LSU Press.
Goode, Robert C. 1960. "The National Interest and Political Realism: Niebuhr's Debate with Morgenthau and Kennan," Journal of Politics 22.
Beard, Charles. PY. The Idea of the National Interest.
Kant, Immanuel. [1776]. On Perpetual Peace and Other Essays. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co.
Aquinas, St. Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Timothy McDermott, ed. Allen, TX: Christian Classics (Thomas More Publishers). See especially Part II, "Cardinal Virtues," sections 46.2 - 168.1.
Rawls, John. 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.

On the Cold War

Hyland, William. "The Cold War: 50 Years of Conflict," Foreign Affairs.
Devine, Robert. Eisenhower and the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gaddis, J.L. 1982. Strategies of Containment and the U.S. and the Origin of the Cold War.
Lippman, Walter. 1947 The Cold War.
Thompson, Kenneth. 1981. Cold War Theories. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press.
Kennan, George F. The "X" Article and the Long Cable, reprinted in Novakoff, Kennan and Roberts, "Long Telegrams of 1946.
Leffler, Melvyn. 1992.  A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War. Standord, CA: Stanford University Press.

National Security

Gartoff, Raymond. "Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis." Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Friedman, Lawrence. "Evolution of Nuclear Strategy and Henry Kissinger," Nuclear Weapons and War.

Beyond the Cold War

Bush, George H.W. 1990. "Address Before Congress: Towards a New World Order." Department of State Dispatch (January 17).
Gaddis, John L. 1992. United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nye, Joseph S. 1990. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books.
Kennedy. Paul. 1987. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House.
___________. 1991. "A Declining Empire Goes to War." Wall Street Journal (January 24).
Russell, Gregory. 1992. "American National Purpose Beyond the Cold War: New Lessons from Old Realism," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Summer).
Schlesinger, James. 1989. America at Century's End. New York: Columbia University Press.
 

Theory and Models

Huntington, Samuel S.  "American Ideals vs. American Institutions," in American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays, G. John Eikenberry, ed., pp. 243-258.
Allison, Graham T. 1971. The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
Shaefer, Michael D. 1988.  Deadly Paradigms: Failure of U.S. counterinsurgency Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Smith, Jean. The Constitution and American Foreign Policy.

Course Outline

Week One (August 28th)

-- Introduction to the Course.
-- Lecture: "History of Foreign Policy Making."
-- Readings:

-- Cardinal Richelieu. The Political Testament, Chapters 2,3,6,8,10.
-- The "Melian Dialogue," from Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War; in Viotti and Kauppi.
-- Selection from Acheson, Present at the Creation.

-- Lecture: The Concept of the "National Interest": Historical perspective and current thought.
-- Vietnam as a case study.
-- Quiz 1
-- Readings:

-- Melanson, Reconstructing Consensus, all.
-- Clinton, Two Faces, Chapters 1 and 10 (Conclusion); in reader.
-- Hans Morgenthau, "The Lessons of Vietnam," in Gilbert, The New Era in American Foreign Policy, pp. 13-20.

-Joseph R. Cerami, "Decision making and Vietnam: Lessons for Strategists."
-W.W. Rostow, "The Case for the Vietnam War."
-Jeffrey Record, "Vietnam in Retrospect: Could We Have Won the War?"

-- Lecture: American Foreign Policy: Theory and Models.
-- External influences on Am. Foreign Policy.
-- Readings:

-- Selections from Viotti and Kauppi, International Relations Theory: Ch. 1, "Theory, Images and International Relations," pp. 1-16, and Rosenau: "Thinking Theory Thoroughly," pp. 23-34.
-- Selection from Kegley and Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy, Part III, "External Sources of American Foreign Policy," Chapter 6 only (New York: St. Martin's Press), in reader.
--Selections from Graham Allison, Essence of Decision (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971), in reader.
--Acheson, Present at the Creation, part III, Section B, "Problems Come Faster in 1950."

(Sept. 18th)
-- American Foreign Policy: Theory and Models, continued.
-- Lecture: Domestic Sources of Am. Foreign Policy.
-- Quiz 2.
-- Readings:

-- Hamilton and Jay, The Federalist, papers no. 64, 74, 75; in reader.
-- Selection from de Tocqueville, Democracy in America; in reader.
-- Selections from Kegley and Wittkopf: American Foreign Policy, Part IV, "Societal Sources of Foreign Policy," in reader.
-- Elihu Root, "A Requisite for the Success of Popular Democracy," Foreign Affairs (Sept. 1922), in reader.
-- Louis Henken, "Foreign Affairs and the Constitution," Foreign Affairs (Winter 1987/88), in reader.

-- Lecture: American Foreign Policy: Patterns and Contending Themes
-- Concept of "Doctrines": The Monroe, T. Roosevelt, Wilson, F.D. Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Nixon, Carter, and Reagan Doctrines.
-- Readings:

-- Stephen Ambrose, "The Presidency and Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs, America and the World supplement (Winter 1991/92), in reader.
--Kissinger, Diplomacy, Chapter 2.
-- Eugene Rostow, Towards Managed Peace, first half; on reserve.
--Acheson, Present at the Creation, Ch. 25.

-- American Foreign Policy, continued.
-- Quiz 3.
-- Readings:

-- Kissinger: Diplomacy, Chapter 1.
-- Zbigniew Brzezinski, "America's New Geostrategy," Foreign Affairs (Spring 1988), in reader.
-- Thomas Carothers, "Democracy Without Illusions," Foreign Affairs (Jan./Feb. 1997), in reader.
-- Rostow, second half; on reserve.

-- Lecture: Foreign-Policy Decision-Making.
The Concept of Leadership in Foreign Policy

-- Readings:

-- Selections from Hastedt (in Reader).
-- Louis Fisher, "Congressional Checks on Military Initiatives," Political Science Quarterly (Winter 1994/95), in reader.
-- St. Thomas Aquinas, "Living in the World: Moral Virtue" [selections on Justice] from Summa Theologiae, pp. 372-441, in reader.
-- Immanuel Kant, "Moral Leadership," from Perpetual Peace, in reader.

-- Lecture: The Cold War and Bi-Polarity.
-- Readings:

-- Kissinger, Diplomacy, Chapter 17.
-- George Kennan, The 'X' Article: "Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs (July 1947), with Lippman's "Critique of Containment"; in reader.
-- Churchill's speech on the "Iron Curtain" at Westminister College in Missouri.
-- Selection from Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, Chapter 1.
-- J.L. Gaddis, "Beyond the Cold War," The Atlantic Monthly; in reader.

-- Mid-Term Exam
-- Lecture: The Security Dilemma and Security Arrangements
-- The Balance of Power
-- Collective Security
 

Week Ten (Oct. 30th)

-- Security Arrangements, continued.
-- Readings

-- Selections from Viotti and Kauppi: Hobbes, "Of the Natural Condition of Mankind," pp. 94-98; Waltz, "Explaining War," pp. 123-141; Gilpin, "War and Change in World Politics," pp. 142-153; Keohane, "Theory of World Politics," pp. 186-227; Rosenau, "Turbulent Change," pp. 438-448; all in the reader.
-- Giandomenico Picco, "The UN and the Use of Force," Foreign Affairs (Sept./Oct. 1994), in reader.
-- Immanuel Kant, On Perpetual Peace, in reader.
-- David Boren, "The Intelligence Community: How Crucial?," Foreign Affairs (Summer 1992), in reader.

-- Lecture: The "New Agenda", and New Themes in Foreign Policy.
Democracy, Trade, Nuclear non-proliferation, Human Rights, Environmentalism, Science and Technology.
-- Quiz 4.
-- Role Playing: "Loose Nukes."
-- Readings

-- Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, Chapter 1, 3, all of Part II, Part VII, Chapters 45 and 50.
-- Joseph Nye, "Arms Control After the War," Foreign Affairs (Winter 1989/90), in reader.
-- Scott Sagan, "Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons?" International Security (Winter 1996/97).
-- Selections from Foreign Policy on Human Rights: Aryeh Neier, "The New Double Standard" (Winter 1996/1997), and Jeffrey Garten, "The Need for Pragmatism" (Winter 1996/97).

-- "New Agenda," continued.
-- Readings

-- Shultz, Part IV, all.
-- B.R. Inman and Daniel Burton, Jr., "Technology and Competitiveness: The New Policy Frontier," Foreign Affairs (Spring 1990), in reader.
-- Frances Cairncross, "Environmental Pragmatism," Foreign Policy (Summer 1994), in reader.
-- Donald Worster, "The Rights of Nature," Foreign Affairs (Nov./Dec. 1995), in reader.

-- Lecture: The Challenge of the Developing World and Trade.
-- Concept of Sustainable Development.
-- Role Playing (simulation of Earth Summit, etc.)
-- Trade, The Asia-Pacific, the Mideast, Europe, Africa, Latin America.
-- Quiz 5.
-- Readings

-- Margaret Mead, "The Underdeveloped and the Overdeveloped," Foreign Affairs (Oct. 1962), in reader.
-- Eugene Linden, "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World," Foreign Affairs (Jan./Feb. 1996), in reader.
-- Charles Carlisle, "Is the World Ready for Free Trade?," Foreign Affairs (Nov./Dec. 1996), in reader.
-- Robin Broad, "Don't Neglect the Impoverished South," Foreign Policy (Winter 1995/96), in reader.
-- Georges A. Fauriol, "The Shadow of Latin American Affairs," Foreign Affairs (1989/90 America and the World supplement), in reader.

14. Week Fourteen (Dec. 4th)

-- Lecture: Specific Problems in Maintaining the Balance of Power, and its Likely Uses.
-- Enduring Relations of the Great Powers: The U.S., Japan, China, Russia.
Likely antagonists and drift of the European powers.
-- The increasing importance of a new relationship with Latin America, Africa and the Asia-Pacific.
-- The Future: Challenges and Likely Scenarios.
-- Review for the Final.
--Readings:

-- Ronald Asmus and F. S. Larrabee, "NATO and the Have-Nots," Foreign Affairs (Nov./Dec. 1996), in reader.
-- James Chace, "'Managing' Russia's Decline," World Policy Journal (Spring 1996), in reader.
-- Richard Halloran, "The Rising East," Foreign Policy (Spring 1996), in reader.
-- Jessica Matthews, "Power Shift," Foreign Affairs (Jan./Feb. 1997), in reader.