| 6th BCE | Pythagoras | |||||
| 5th | ||||||
| 4th | Plato |
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| 3d | Alexandrian school | |||||
| 2d | . |
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| 1st | . |
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| 1st CE | . |
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| 2d | . |
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| 3d | . |
Neoplatonists | ||||
. |
Plotinus Porphyry |
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| 4th | . |
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| 5th | . |
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| 6th | . —— |
—————› | Syriac Christians translate Alexandrian logic | |||
| 7th | . |
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. |
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Community boundaries and leadership: belief, sin, and free will |
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| 8th | | | | |
Qadarites (free will) al-Basri |
Murji'ites (faith excludes works) |
Kharijites (sinners unbelievers) |
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| v |
| Kalam v |
Traditionalists (reject kalam, philosophy) |
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—— |
—————› | Arabs translate Alexandrian logic | Mu`tazilites (5 principles) |
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| 9th | ——› |
Arabs translate philosophical texts |
———————› |
Abu al-Hudhayl: Philosophical basis of Mu`tazilism (atoms and accidents) | Ibn Hanbal | |
| al-Kindi (orthodox) | ||||||
| 10th | al-Razi (revelation superfluous) | al-Farabi Brethren of Purity |
Ash`arites al-Ash`ari (kalam defends traditionalism) al-Maturidi |
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| `Abd al-Jabbar | al-Baqillani (atomism, occasionalism) | |||||
| 11th | Ibn Sina | ——— |
—————› | al-Juwayni (incorporates Aristotelian logic) | Ibn Hazm | |
—— |
———›X‹——— |
————— | al-Ghazali (refuted Neoplatonism) | |||
| 12th | Neoplatonists in Spain Persian Ishraqis |
Ibn Rushd (commented Aristotle, refuted al-Ghazali) | ||||
| 13th | Ibn Taymiyya | |||||
| 14th | Ibn Khaldun | |||||
| 15th | ||||||
| 16th | Mulla Sadra | |||||
| 17th | ||||||
| 18th | ||||||
| 19th | ||||||
| 20th | Secularists `Abd al-Raziq |
S.
H. Nasr |
Muhammad
Abduh |
Islamists Sayyid Qutb |
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